Table 8 Studies on the transformation of VMPs and biocides in liquid manure

Akyol et al. (2016) [1]

Biogas production, abundance of bacteria (log copy number/100 ng cDNA)

1-L batch digesters continuously stirred

600 mL + 60 mL inoculum from laboratory digester

nd

1 + control

55

nd

20

Ali et al. (2013) [2]

pH and Eh

2.3-L erlenmeyer flask, continuously stirred and flushed with N₂/O₂ for different Eh (Fig. 5)

150 g wet lagoon sediment + 1.5 L 0.01 M CaCl₂

1 week for stabilization of pH and Eh

1

25

(−100), (0), (250), (350)

20

Álvarez et al. (2010) [3]

Biogas composition, pressure, sorption

500-mL glass flasks with coiled butyl rubber stoppers

385 mL + inoculum (granular biomass from an anaerobic internal circulation digester)

Basal medium: cysteine (0.5 g/L), NaHCO₃ (5 g/L), pH 7.0–7.2; flushing with N₂, 1.2 mL Na₂S (20 g/L) (reducing agent)

2

35

nd

21

Angenent et al. (2008) [4]

Antibiotic resistance, methane production, volatile solids removal, VFA

Manure taken from ASBR effluent, 5-mL capped glass serum vials

1 mL

249 days of ASBR operation

1

25

nd

2

Arikan (2008) [5]

Sorption, pH, total solids, volatile solids, total alkalinity, NH₄-N, COD

1-L batch laboratory digester

800 mL manure + 200 mL inoculum from a dairy manure digester

nd

3

35

nd

33

Arikan et al. (2006) [6]

Biogas production, total solids, total alkalinity, total N, total P

1.225-L batch laboratory digester

1 L manure + 225 mL inoculum from a dairy manure digester

nd

3

35

nd

64

Bailey et al. (2016) [9]

liquid–solid distribution (Kd)

15-mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes

3.3–10 g

14 days at 23 °C

3

23

nd

28

Blackwell et al. (2005) [11]

Exposure assessment, organic carbon, dry matter, available P and N

Closed bottle test, tightly capped and stored without agitation

200 mL

nd

3

20

nd

40

Cetecioglu et al. (2013) [14]

Synthetic manure, COD, biogas production

ASBR, concentration influent and effluent, sludge

1 L

150 days of ASBR operation

1

35

nd

155

Grote et al. (2004) [21]

Metabolism, transformation

Outdoor realistic conditions with continuous influent of contaminated manure

“Barrels”

nd

1

Outdoor

nd

240 + 210

Harms (2006) [25]

Transformation

nd

nd

nd

nd

−20, 7, RT

nd

112, 224

Heuer et al. (2008) [26]

Bacterial community

nd

nd

nd

1

20

nd

172

Höltge and Kreuzig (2007) [27]

Transformation, NER

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

7 days

3

20

nd

72

Huang et al. (2014) [29]

Biogas production, N-total, COD, pH

1.3-L laboratory model anaerobic three-neck glass reactor

<1300 mL

15 days until equilibrium of biogas production in reactor

3

20

nd

28

Joy et al. (2014) [32]

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)

100-mL glass amber wide mouth

75 g

Sparged for 5 min with nitrogen

2

37

nd

40

Kolz et al. (2005) [34]

Aerobic vs anaerobic, sorption, pH, total solids, N, TOC, P

Amber glass vials with teflon-lined caps, headspace filled with He

20 mL

“Homogenized stored in glass jars at 4 °C until use”

3

22

(−10) to (−160)

3

Kreuzig (2010) [35]

T, Eh, dry matter, O₂, N-total, NH₄-N, TOC, BOD

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

nd

2

5, 10, 20

(− 80)

30, 100, 177

Kreuzig and Höltge (2005) [38]

Transformation, NER

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

nd

2

20

nd

102

Kreuzig et al. (2007) [36]

Manure-soil mixtures, transformation, NER

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

nd

2

20

nd

102

Kreuzig et al. (2010) [37]

Manure-soil mixtures, transformation, NER, biocides

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

nd

2

20

(<120)

177

Kuchta and Cessna (2009) [39]

Sorption, liquid–solid distribution after centrifugation

20-L stainless steel storage container with clipdown cover

15.5 L

nd

2

20

nd

160

Kühne et al. (2000) [40]

Transformation

Vacuum desiccator (Fig. 6)

1 L

nd

2

RT

nd

8

Lamshöft et al. (2010) [41]

T, Eh, dry mass, pH, BOD, COD, total carbon, conductivity

300-mL flasks with ¹⁴CO₂ trap

50 g

“The manure was allowed to attain room temperature”

3

10, 20

(− 280) to (− 329)

150

Li et al. (2011) [42]

TOC, conductivity, pH, P, NH₄-N, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO3⁻, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Si, Cu, Zn

Amber 250-mL bottles with teflon-lined caps served as reactors

<250 mL

nd

3

15, 25, 35, 45

nd

72

Loke et al. (2003) [45]

pH, Eh via indicator, freely dissolved fraction

According to ISO 11734 [30], 1-L bottles; titanium(III)citrate as reducing agent

525.0 mL mineral medium, 50.0 mL manure, 100.0 mL stock solution

<2 weeks storage at 4 °C

4

21

nd

180

Loke et al. (2000) [44]

Transformation, filtered vs non-filtered

According to ISO 11734 [30], volumes × 50, 680 mL

680 mL (water with 6.4 % manure)

1 mm sieved, N₂ bubbled through manure, stored at 4 and −20 °C before usage

4

20

nd

7

Mitchell et al. (2013) [49]

pH, CH₄, CO₂ inhibition, total solids (TS) and VSS

300-mL glass serum bottles fitted with rubber septum, headspace filled with N₂, inoculum used

200 mL

nd

3

37

nd

40

Mohring et al. (2009) [50]

Biogas production, pH

5-L fermentors (Bigatec, Rheinberg, Germany), German VDI 4630 guideline, DIN 38414 part 8, control experiments in 500-mL flasks

1.89 kg manure, 1.89 L water, 0.42 kg inoculum

nd

2

37

nd

34

Riemenschneider et al. (2014) [57]

Biogas production, batch experiment and continuous feeding experiment

20-L laboratory-scale reactor

15 kg

nd

2

38

nd

44

Schlüsener et al. (2006) [59]

Transformation

Erlenmeyer flasks closed with a fermenting tube

100 g

nd

1

20

nd

180

Shelver and Varel (2012) [61]

pH, transformation

2-L digester flasks

nd

nd

3

22, 38, 55

nd

28

Shi et al. (2011) [62]

Methane production, pH, total solids

1-L digester with gas absorbing bottle and collector bottle (Fig. 7)

1 L (including 100 g dry manure, 100 mL inoculum)

nd

3

25

nd

20

Stone et al. (2009) [64]

CH₄, CO₂, volatile fatty acids, pH, Alkalinity, COD, VSS, VFA, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, acetoclastic methanogens

120-mL batch reactors, butyl rubber stoppers, headspace N₂ purged

50 g

105 days at 4 °C

3

10–20 (gradient)

nd

216

Szatmári et al. (2011) [65]

Transformation

300-mL BOD bottles as used in closed bottle tests; referring to VICH [70]

<300 mL

nd

nd

20

nd

112

Varel (2002) [67]

Odor, total gas, VFA, l-lactate, pH

1-L Erlenmeyer flasks, N₂-gas, rubber stopper

500 mL (feces, urine, distilled water; 50:35:15)

nd

2

25

nd

62

Varel et al. (2012) [68]

Odor, pH, VFA, aromatic fermentation products, methane, coliforms

2-L Erlenmeyer flasks with rubber stopper

600 mL (1:1 seed slurry and fresh manure)

Establishing “seed slurry” over 2–5 months for stabilization of pH, methane and VFA production

2

22, 38, 55

nd

25, 28

Wang et al. (2014) [72]

Biogas production, Shannon’s diversity index (H’), N-total, COD, pH

1.3-L laboratory model anaerobic three-neck glass reactor

<1300 mL

Until equilibrium of biogas production in reactor

3

20

nd

15

Wang et al. (2015) [73]

Transformation products, total N, abundance of Bacillus cereus

3-L open beaker

1200 g

7 days at 23.2 °C

3

23.2

nd

40

Widyasari-Mehta et al. (2016) [76]

Non-extractable residues, redox potential, pH

300-mL flasks, glass stoppers with inlet and outlet valves, CO₂ trap

75 g

nd

2

20

(−189) to (−21), (−274)

170

Winckler and Grafe (2001) [78]

T, transformation

500-L tanks

295 L

nd

4

8

–

48

Zheng et al. (2012) [80]

T, transformation

250-mL glass bottles with teflon-lined screw caps, glovebox, Na₂S, N₂

<250 mL

1 day preconditioning

3

35

(− 277)

52

Zheng et al. (2013) [81]

T, transformation

250-mL glass bottles with teflon-lined screw caps, glovebox, Na₂S, N₂

<250 mL

1 day preconditioning

3

15, 25, 35, 45

nd

65