Table 1 Descriptive information on general characteristics of study subjects, and As exposure

Age (years)

Median (IQR)

46 (35.25–55)

39 (28.5–55)

52 (44–57)

42 (34.5–59.5)

43 (36.5–52)

0.06^a

Weight (kg)

Mean ± SD

76.6 ± 12.23

74.5 ± 10.4

76 ± 13.56

78.8 ± 9.86

77 ± 14.58

0.54^a

BMI (kg/m²)

Mean ± SD

26.3 ± 3.64

25.5 ± 3.6

26.3 ± 3.8

27.2 ± 3.35

26.3 ± 3.8

0.31^b

Education, n (%)

 Illiterate

18 (13.6)

4 (12.1)

8 (24.2)

5 (15)

1 (3)

0.03^{c, e}

 Primary school

49 (37.1)

12 (36.3)

14 (42.2)

8 (24.2)

15 (45.4)

 Secondary school

41 (31)

10 (30.3)

8 (24.2)

8 (24.2)

15 (45.4)

 Diploma

18 (13.6)

5 (15)

2 (6)

10 (30.3)

1 (3)

 Bachelor or higher

6 (4.5)

2 (6)

1 (3)

2 (6)

1 (3)

Physical activity, n (%)

0.88^c

 Low

64 (48.5)

13 (39.4)

17 (51.5)

17 (51.5)

17 (51.5)

 Moderate

52 (39.4)

16 (48.5)

13 (39.4)

12 (36.3)

11(33.3)

 High

16 (12.1)

4 (12.1)

3 (9)

4 (12.1)

5 (15.1)

Smoking duration (year)

Mean ± SD

–

–

20.63 ± 9.4

–

20.06 ± 7.46

0.78^d

Cigarettes smoked per day

Mean ± SD

–

–

13.09 ± 6.6

–

15.03 ± 6.28

0.18^d

Water consumption (L/day)

Median

1.5

1.3

1.8

1.4

1.6

0.17^a

Arsenic intake

ADI (mg/kg/day)

Median (IQR)

5.7 × 10^–4

(9 × 10^–5-1.5 × 10^–3)

8 × 10^–5

(4.8 × 10^–5-1 × 10^–4)

1.2 × 10^–4

(4.7 × 10^–5-2.5 × 10^–4)

1.1 × 10^–3

(8.1 × 10^–4-1.8 × 10^–3)

1.5 × 10^–3

(1.2 × 10^–3-1.9 × 10^–3)

0.001^{a, e} >