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Environmental Sciences Europe
Fig. 1 | Environmental Sciences Europe

Fig. 1

From: Nano-enabled pesticides: a comprehensive toxicity assessment of tebuconazole nanoformulations with nematodes at single species and community level

Fig. 1

Dose–response curves based on the measured TBZ concentrations for effects of TBZ (a.s.) on the reproduction of C. elegans after 96-h exposure to a TBZ (a.s.) in water and soil, b the commercial TBZ formulation FOLICUR® and the two nanoformulations PCL-TBZ and NLC-TBZ in water. Plot c shows the effects of the nanocarriers PCL and NLC with and without TBZ in soil based on the concentration of TBZ. The horizontal error bars stand for the standard deviation between the replicates of TBZ concentrations (n = 3). In Plot c, for each concentration of nanoformulations with TBZ, corresponding nanocarriers without TBZ were prepared using equivalent particle concentrations. Plot d shows the effects of the nanocarriers PCL and NLC with and without TBZ in water based on the number of particles; The curves were fitted with a logistic function (3 parameters) using SigmaPlot 12.0 (Systat Software Inc): a water: r2 = 0.90, p < 0.0001; soil: r2 = 0.998, p < 0.0001; b Folicur®: r2 = 0.91, p = 0.0009; PCL-TBZ: r2 = 0.96, p < 0.0001; NLC-TBZ: r2 = 0.97, p < 0.0001; c PCL-TBZ: r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001; NLC-TBZ: r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001; PCL-carrier: r2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001; NLC-carrier: r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001

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