From: Aquatic ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010 to 2023
Test organism | Type of tested compound | Tested concentrations | Duration | Tested endpoints | Observed effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. similis | Chlorpyrifos and GLYa | acute test: 1–60 mg l−1 GLY and 50–1000 µg l−1 chlorpyrifos, chronic test: 1–1000 µg l−1 GLY and 0.1–10 µg l−1 chlorpyrifos | 48 hb | Acute toxicity, multigenerational effects | Reduced growth of F0 to F6 generations, transgenerational effects | [181] |
P. leptodactylus | Chlorpyrifos-based and GLY-based formulations | GLY: 0–0.8 mg l−1, chlorpyrifos: 0–5 µg l−1 | 21 dc | Combined effects on biochemical and immunological parameters in hemolymph, oxidative biomarkers in hepatopancreas | Decreased enzyme activities (e.g., AChEd and alkaline phosphatase and total protein levels, increased enzyme activities (e.g., glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase), glucose content and malondialdehyde levels | [292] |
C. carpio | Chlorpyrifos and GLY | CPFe: 25 µg l−1, GLY: 3.5 mg l−1, alone and in combination | 21 d | Enzyme activites (AChE, Na+/K+-ATPase, monoamine oxidase), stress-related indicators (e.g., SODf, CATg, GSTh) | Induced accumulation of malondialdehyde in the brain, decreased enzyme activities (e.g., AChE, catalase, GST) were observed after individual exposures, increased combined toxicity | [293] |
R. arenarum | Dicamba-based (Banvel) and GLY-based (Credit) formulations | Banvel 96.0–720.0 mg l−1, GBHi: 50.0–100.0 mg l−1 | 96 hi | Mortality, genotoxic effects (DNA damage) | LC50j = 358.44 mg l−1 and 78.18 mg l−1 for dicamba and GLY, induced DNA damage, exposure, increased genetic damage index, higher combined toxicity | [294] |
R. arenarum | Imazethapyr-based (Pivot) and GLY-based (Credit) formulations | Credit: 3.91 and 7.82 mg l−1 GLY, Pivot: 0.05 and 0.10 mg l−1 imazethapyr | 96 h | Mortality, DNA damage | LC50 = 78.18 mg l−1 GLY and 0.99 mg l−1 imazethapyr, increased GDIk and DNA damage after individual and combined exposures, increased combined toxicity | [295] |
B. faber and L. latrans | GLY-based (Roundup Original DI) and 2,4-D-based (Nortox) formulations | GLY: 65, 144, 280, 500, 1000 μg l−1; 2,4-D: 4, 17, 30, 50, 74.5 μg l−1 in combinations | 7 d | Survival, body size, swimming activity, morphological effects, micronuclei and erythrocytes nuclear abnormalities | No effects on survival, altered length and body mass of L. latrans, affected swimming activity, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and damages in the intestine and mouth of tadpoles | [303] |
S. natans | Cu2+ and GLY | Cu2+: 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 8, 10 mg l−1, GLY: 0, 1, 5, 25, 50, 75 mg l−1 | 7 d | Growth, morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress indicators, antioxidative enzyme activities (e.g., SOD, CAT) | Concentration-dependent combined effects on growth and physiological responses, antagonistic effects at low concentrations of copper and GLY, while synergistic at higher concentrations, increased level of malondialdehyde (Cu2+: 0.2–5 mg l−1, GLY: 1–25 mg l−1) | [307] |
D. exilis | Cu2+ and Faena | 1.04–1.57 mg l−1 GLY and 2.45–4.31 µg l−1 Cu2+ in combination | 21 d | Survival, fecundity, macromolecule biomarkers, size of neonates | Decreased fecundity and number of clutches per female, delayed time at first reproduction, increased number of aborted eggs, reduced carbohydrate and lipid content, no effects on total length, decreased body length and width | [165] |
D. magna | Binary mixture of GLY and silver nanoparticles) | GLY: 0–120 mg l−1, (acute testing), 2.92–14.86 mg l−1 (chronic testing); silver nanoparticles: 0–0.3 µg l−1 (acute testing), 0.017–0.09 µg l−1 (chronic testing) | 48 h acute tests, 21 d chronic test | EC50l, reproductive parameters (e.g., release of the firs offspring, number of newborns | 48-h EC50GLY = 89.2 mg l−1, 48-h EC50 silver nanoparticles = 0.18 µg l−1, higher combined toxicity on reproductive parameters (e.g., delayed release of the first offspring), no clear interaction in the combined multigenerational effects | [173] |
P. reticulata | Maghemite nanoparticles (NPsm) and a GBH (Roundup Original) | NPs: 0.3 mg l−1, GBH: 65 and 130 µg GLY l−1 in two combination | 14 and 21 days | Genotoxicity and mutagenicity (DNA damage, nuclear alterations) | Clastogenic (DNA damage) and aneugenic (cell nuclear alterations) time-dependent effects, synergistic effects | [311] |
O. niloticus | GBH (Roundup) and propolis nanoparticles | GBH (0.6 mg AIn l−1), propolis nanoparticles: 10 g l−1 | 4 weeks | Growth, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum biochemical and immunological parameters | No effects on growth performance, altered immunological parameters, liver and kidney indicators, induction of oxidative stress, inhibited AChE activity, decreased white and red blood cell counts | [312] |
P. reticulata | Iron oxide NPs, GLY, GBH (Roundup Original) | NPs (0.3 mg l−1) in combination with GLY (0.65 mg l−1) or GBH (0.65 and 1.30 mg l−1) | 21 d | Histopathological and histochemical parameters | Circulatory disturbances, activation of the immune system, inflammatory responses, decreased glycogen reserve, concentration-dependent ultrastructural changes | [313] |
M. aeruginosa | GLY and polystyrene cationic amino-modified nanoparticles in combination | GLY: 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7 mg l−1, polystyrene nanoparticles: 3, 5, 10 and 20 mg l−1 in combination | 48–96 h | Growth, adsorption capacity for GLY, microcystin level | Antagonistic combined toxicity of GLY and polystyrene nanoparticles, high adsorption capacity of nanoparticles for GLY, no effects on total microcystin level | [314] |
D. magna | Polystyrene nanoplastic and GLY | polystyrene nanoplastic: 15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg l−1; GLY: 6.2, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg l−1 in combination | 48 h (acute test), 21 d (chronic test) | Acute toxicity, ROSo production, swimming behavior, reproduction | Synergistic effects on acute toxicity, increased immobility and ROS production, reduced swimming activity, altered multigenerational responses and reproductive parameters | [315] |
D. magna | GLY acid, GLY-IPAp, Roundup Gran in combination with two types of microplastics (polyethylene microbeads and polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide fibers) | GLY: 2.5 mg l−1, microplastics: 2.2*106 ml−1 (microbeads), 10–30 ml−1 (fiber) | 7 d | Mortality | Increased mortality of GLY in the presence of microplastics | [316] |
C. carpio | Polyethylene microplastics and GLY | GLY: 0, 5, 15 mg l−1, microplastics: 0, 1.5, 4.5 mg l−1 in combination | 60 d | Growth, AChE activity, behavior parameters, microbiome | Inhibited growth and free-swimming behavior (15 mg l−1 GLY and 4.5 mg l−1 microplastics, no effects on blood–brain barrier permeability and AChE activity, damaged physical and chemical intestinal barriers, altered gut microbiota | [252] |