Table 1 Comparative analysis of graphene oxide synthesis methods
From: Graphene oxide synthesis and applications in emerging contaminant removal: a comprehensive review
Method | Hummers method | Tour method | Electrochemical method |
|---|---|---|---|
Principle | Chemical oxidation using strong oxidants and acids | Organic synthesis and covalent functionalization of graphene with reactive organic molecules | Electrochemical reduction of graphite oxide |
Advantages | Widely used, well-established method | Allows precise functionalization of graphene sheets, easy to control the degree of functionalization | Simple experimental setup, mild reaction conditions |
Disadvantages | Harsh reaction conditions (strong acids, high temperature) | Time-consuming and multi-step process | Requires specialized equipment (electrochemical cell, electrodes), limited scalability |
Scalability | Moderate | Limited scalability due to the complex synthesis steps and functionalization processes | Limited scalability due to the need for specialized equipment and slower reaction kinetics |
Degree of functionalization | Highly oxidized graphene oxide with numerous oxygen functional groups | Moderate degree of functionalization, controlled by the choice of reactive organic molecules | Depends on the applied potential and reaction time |
Structural control | Limited control over the size and thickness of grapheme oxide sheets | Can tune the functional groups and density of functionalization on graphene | Limited control over the thickness of reduced graphene oxide |
Applications | Energy storage devices, composites, sensors, and coatings | Functionalized graphene for targeted applications like biosensors, drug delivery systems, and electronics | Energy storage devices, sensors, catalysts, and electrochemical electrodes |