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Table 10 Element composition of spinach samples (ppb)

From: Investigating the potential of growing crops hydroponically utilizing feed and draw solutions from fertilizer drawn forward osmosis

Group

Sample

P

(ppb)

Zn

(ppb)

Ca

(ppb)

Fe

(ppb)

Cu

(ppb)

Pb

(ppb)

Mg

(ppb)

Mn

(ppb)

K

(ppb)

Na

(ppb)

Control

1

2.80

1.31

42.14

1.29

0.11

0.07

88.26

0.25

311.08

14.36

2

2.48

0.71

33.23

0.62

– 0.02

0.08

32.94

0.09

350.58

18.07

3

2.59

0.56

46.23

0.76

0.20

0.06

33.95

0.11

301.86

21.93

Average

2.62

0.86

40.53

0.89

0.09

0.07

51.72

0.15

321.17

18.12

Experiment

1

1.18

0.34

17.35

− 0.06

− 0.56

− 0.22

19.57

0.36

307.76

36.35

2

1.47

0.68

47.85

1.20

0.25

0.05

44.64

0.29

288.81

23.56

3

2.52

0.72

73.62

0.80

− 0.03

0.08

60.06

0.33

319.71

23.35

Average

1.72

0.58

46.27

0.65

− 0.11

− 0.03

41.42

0.32

305.43

27.75