Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 3 Hospital admissions, LOS, and hospital costs due to CVD according to the 2005 and 2021 WHO air quality guidelines

From: Association of ambient particulate matter with hospital admissions, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs due to cardiovascular disease: time-series analysis based on data from the Shanghai Medical Insurance System from 2016 to 2019

	Guideline	WHO 2005		WHO 2021
	PM	PM_2.5	PM₁₀	PM_2.5	PM₁₀
	Target (µg/m³)	25 (24 h)	50 (24 h)	15 (24 h)	45 (24 h)
Hospital admissions	AN, 95% CI	10,886 (9062, 12,704)	5233 (4107, 6353)	19,419 (16,160, 22,666)	7716 (6053, 9374)
Hospital admissions	PAF (%), 95% CI	0.574 (0.478, 0.700)	0.276 (0.217, 0.335)	1.024 (0.852, 1.195)	0.407 (0.319, 0.494)
LOS (days)	AN, 95% CI	52,127 (− 74,698, 178,953)	11,407 (− 66,634, 89,448)	93,090 (− 133,398, 319,578)	16,855 (− 98,459, 132,169)
LOS (days)	PAF (%), 95% CI	0.352 (− 0.504, 1.207)	0.077 (− 0.449, 0.603)	0.628 (− 0.009,0.0215)	0.114 (− 0.664, 0.891)
Hospital cost (1000 CNY)	AN, 95% CI	459,313 (198,497, 720,129)	216,094 (55,360, 376,829)	820,255 (354,482, 1,286,027)	319,302 (81,800, 556,804)
Hospital cost (1000 CNY)	PAF (%), 95% CI	1.149 (0.496, 1.801)	0.581 (0.127, 1.035)	2.052 (0.887, 3.217)	0.799 (0.205, 1.393)

Particulate matter concentration is lag 0 for admissions, LOS and hospital cost
AN attributable number, LOS length of hospital stay, PM particulate matter, PAF population attributable fraction, CNY Chinese Yuan

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