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Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 6 DOLS Results

From: Economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation nexus in heterogeneous countries: does education matter?

Variable

High-income

Upper-middle-income

Lower-middle-income

Low-income

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

GDP

0.653***

0.856***

1.261***

1.570***

− 1.158***

− 1.120***

− 9.502***

− 9.190***

(0.251)

(0.278)

(0.377)

(0.541)

(0.048)

(0.048)

(1.498)

(1.922)

GDP2

− 0.025**

− 0.037***

− 0.071***

− 0.091***

0.131***

0.122***

0.776***

0.725***

(0.012)

(0.014)

(0.022)

(0.031)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.123)

(0.156)

ENG

1.008**

1.857***

1.160***

1.050***

0.666***

− 0.471*

0.987***

− 1.148***

(0.023)

(0.513)

(0.041)

(0.346)

(0.027)

(0.245)

(0.078)

(0.380)

EDU

0.175**

0.402**

0.134*

− 0.039

0.159***

0.530***

0.535***

2.518***

(0.071)

(0.183)

(0.070)

(0.064)

(0.046)

(0.089)

(0.046)

(0.267)

ENG*EDU

 

− 0.190*

 

0.023

 

0.259***

 

0.532***

 

(0.109)

 

(0.074)

 

(0.055)

 

(0.080)

R-Squared

0.997

0.996

0.998

0.996

0.978

0.978

0.916

0.951

  1. ***, **, and * indicate statistically significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively
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