Economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation nexus in heterogeneous countries: does education matter?

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 5 FMOLS Results

Variable	High-Income		Upper-Middle-Income		Lower-Middle-Income		Low-Income
Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
GDP	1.744***	1.934***	1.375***	1.432***	− 1.330***	−1.273***	− 7.961***	− 8.760***
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.013)	(0.014)
GDP²	− 0.055***	− 0.073***	− 0.053***	− 0.058***	0.123***	0.113***	0.706***	0.739***
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.018)	(0.018)
ENG	0.988***	4.228***	1.086***	1.645***	0.474***	− 0.441***	0.877***	− 1.189***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.019)	(0.019)
EDU	0.806***	1.578***	− 0.013	− 0.002	0.216***	0.566***	0.541***	2.167***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.025)	(0.024)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)
ENG*EDU		− 0.694***		− 0.197***		0.179***		0.485***
		(0.014)		(0.027)		(0.011)		(0.019)
R-Squared	0.993	0.995	0.998	0.998	0.972	0.972	0.868	0.888

^***, **, and * indicate statistically significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively