Skip to main content
Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 10 Heterogeneous panel causality test results

From: Economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation nexus in heterogeneous countries: does education matter?

Null hypothesis

High-income

Upper-middle-income

Lower-middle income

Low-income

Zbar-Stat

Zbar-Stat

Zbar-Stat

Zbar-Stat

GDP ≠ CO2

3.229***

1.967**

5.909***

5.220***

CO2 ≠ GDP

2.821***

2.932***

1.674*

0.207

ENG ≠ CO2

1.975**

0.494

4.881***

6.810***

CO2 ≠ ENG

2.183**

1.201

5.074***

4.776***

EDU ≠ CO2

2.346**

4.486***

1.886*

0.535

CO2 ≠ EDU

2.413**

2.792***

5.456***

3.787***

ENG ≠ GDP

2.984***

−0.215

2.707***

0.511

GDP ≠ ENG

6.125***

3.530***

8.223***

10.307***

EDU ≠ GDP

0.637

3.524***

3.940***

1.315

GDP ≠ EDU

1.796*

14.483***

5.358***

3.366***

EDU ≠ ENG

1.539

2.861***

4.215***

2.170**

ENG ≠ EDU

1.579

6.433***

1.422

3.470***

  1. *,** and *** are statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively
Back to article page