Toxic effects of UV filters from sunscreens on coral reefs revisited: regulatory aspects for “reef safe” products

Miller, Ingo B.; Pawlowski, Sascha; Kellermann, Matthias Y.; Petersen-Thiery, Mechtild; Moeller, Mareen; Nietzer, Samuel; Schupp, Peter J.

doi:10.1186/s12302-021-00515-w

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Overview of UV filters, associated water solubility, environmental classification, ecotoxicological threshold levels and derived PNEC_{marine water}

From: Toxic effects of UV filters from sunscreens on coral reefs revisited: regulatory aspects for “reef safe” products

UV filter^a	Water solubility (µg L⁻¹)^b	Environmental GHS classification	Freshwater^b					Seawater
UV filter^a	Water solubility (µg L⁻¹)^b	Environmental GHS classification	Most sensitive species (taxonomic group)^b	Effect level	Test duration (d)	Value (µg L⁻¹)	Assessment factor	PNEC_{marine water} (µg L⁻¹)^b
4MBC	1.1 × 10³	Aquatic acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1	Daphnia magna (crustacea)	NOEC	21	20	500	0.04
BP3	6 × 10³	Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 2	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (green algae)	EC₅₀/NOEC	3/3	670/180	10,000	0.067
BP4	3 × 10⁸	Not classified	Pimephales promelas (fish)	NOEC	14	4895	500	9.79
BEMT	4.5 × 10^–3	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
DBT	< 0^c	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
EHT	< 1	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
TDSA	≥ 6 × 10⁸	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ 100 × 10³	Not applicable	No hazard identified
DTS	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	Not applicable	No data
BMDM	27	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
EHMC	51	Aquatic Chronic 2	Danio rerio (fish)	NOEC	30	30	100	0.3
EHS	500	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
HMS	400	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
MBBT	< 5 × 10^–3	Aquatic Chronic 4	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
OCR	40	Aquatic Chronic 1	Daphnia magna (crustacea)	NOEC	21	2.7	100	0.027
TiO₂	100	Not classified	No hazard identified	NOEC	Not applicable	≥ WS	Not applicable	No hazard identified
ZnO	2.9 × 10³	Aquatic Acute 1 Aquatic Chronic 1 Environment	Ceramium tenuicore (red algae)	NOEC	7	7.8	1	6.1 ^d

^aRefer to List of abbreviations section and Additional file 1: Table S1 of the supplementary material for full names of abbreviated UV filters
^bAccording to ECHA REACH registration dossiers [20]
^cValue retrieved from the ECHA website (< 0 g L⁻¹) does not allow for a more precise value
^dPNEC_{marine water} was derived from an Species Sensitivity distribution (SSD) method
EC₅₀, 50% effect concentration; NOEC, no observed effect concentration; PNEC, predicted no effect concentration

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