Table 1 Definitions of BE, BG, ME and OE
From: Challenges of the Blue Economy: evidence and research trends
Concept | Authors | Definitions and related concepts |
|---|---|---|
Blue Economy | World Bank [137] | The sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, the improvement of livelihoods and jobs, and the health of ocean ecosystems |
Costa et al. [29] | The concept of rethinking industrial processes and searching for a viable biological solution that reduces contamination | |
Phelan et al. [95] | It has become synonymous with generating wealth from activities related to the oceans while protecting and supporting marine ecosystems | |
Graziano et al. [48] | It arises from the growing worldwide interest in the growth of water-based activities | |
Schutter and Hicks [113] | It seeks to curb biodiversity loss while stimulating economic development, thereby integrating environmental and economic interests | |
Kathijotes [67] | It is the mainstream of national development and can integrate land and sea-based socio-economic sustainable development | |
Kaczynski [64] | It refers to the commercially sustainable development of the oceans | |
It has emerged in the last two decades from various forums, but above all from within the policy and practice of environmental development | ||
Blue growth | Caswell et al. [23] | Emerging from national and international marine policy, it aims to promote the growth of ocean economies and at the same time holistically manage marine socio-ecological systems |
Dalton et al. [33] | The creation of economic activity and jobs at sea, while the multiple uses of spaces make efficient use of the available sea surface by combining industries | |
Boonstra et al. [14] | It is relatively new and aims to achieve economic growth based on the exploitation of marine resources while avoiding their degradation, excessive use, and pollution | |
Burgess et al. [17] | It is the most recent term to refer to the most holistic management of complex marine socio-ecological systems. It is a dynamic and complex system that covers all industries and regions | |
Marine economy | Qi and Xiao [102] | It is a dynamic and complex system that covers all industries and regions |
Wenwen et al. [134] | It is a new economic form that emphasizes a new development concept, a new operating mechanism, and a management model | |
Caban et al. [18] | It is particularly exposed to dangers due to the environment of its operations. These risks are the result of deliberate and incidental actions (hydrometeorological, mechanical conditions, etc.) | |
Bentlage et al. [12] | A heterogeneous innovation system with enduring relevance to the spatial and functional development of European regions | |
Spamer [121] | It simultaneously fosters social inclusion, environmental sustainability, strengthening maritime ecosystems, transparent governance, and economic growth and development | |
Ocean economy | UNCTAD [124] | A subset and complement of the evolving development paradigm emphasizing greener, more sustainable, and more inclusive economic pathways |
Potgieter [99] | It is considered a crucial factor for global economic growth and development, offering excellent opportunities, challenges, and risks | |
Colgan [28] | They are marine construction, resource, shipping, and tourism and recreation industries whose establishments are located near ocean shorelines or large lakes |