Table 2 Summary of selected standard tests where highlight is given to potential adaptations FOR THE TESTING OF MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIALS (including nanobiomaterials) of existing OECD/ISO guidelines FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS regarding test duration and endpoints
Test guideline | Test endpoints | Test duration (days) |
|---|---|---|
Enchytraeus crypticus | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 220; ISO 16386; | Survival and Reproduction | 21–28 |
OECD 317 | Kineticsa: uptake, elimination, BAFs | 14 + 14 |
Alternative 1: A1 Full Life Cycle test (adapted from standard [55]) | Hatching Growth Maturation Survival Reproduction | 11 11–46 25 46 46 |
Alternative 2: A2 Extended test (adapted from standard [56]) | Survival, Reproduction, Population growth | 7, 14, 21, 28 60, 72, 84 |
Alternative 3: A3 Multigenerational test (adapted from standard [37, 57]) F1–F4 spiked soil + F5–F7 clean soil | Survival and reproduction; epigenetics | 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224 |
Recommendation: Use A1, A2, A3 | All | 46–84 |
Implementation: Add A1, A2 and A3 in OECD/ISO as annexes. | ||
Folsomia candida | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 232; ISO 11267; | Survival and Reproduction; | 28 |
Alternative 1: B1 | F0, F1, F2: Survival, Reproduction, Size (adults, juveniles) | 28, 56, 84 |
Recommendation: Use B1 | All | 28–84 |
Implementation: Add B1 in OECD/ISO as annex | ||
Eisenia fetida | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 222 | Survival Reproduction | 28 56 |
OECD 317 | Kineticsa: uptake, elimination, BAFs | 21 + 21 |
Alternative 1: C1 Full Life Cycle (adapted from standard) | Hatching Growth Maturation Survival Reproduction | 21–28 14, 28, 42, 56 60 14, 28, 42, 56 56 |
Alternative 2: C2 Tissue distribution and biochemical analysis | Tissue distributiona biomarkers, omics | 3–7–14 (flexible) |
Recommendation: Use C1 and C2 | All | 28–84 |
Implementation: Add C1 in OECD/ISO as annex Make use of C2 and proceed towards standardization Use A1–A3 as surrogate (oligochaete with shorter life cycle) | ||
Alternative 3: C3 Earthworm in vitro test [60] | Cell viability—biomarkers, omics, corona formation | 1 |
Recommendation: Use C3 for rapid mode-of-action understanding | All | 1 |
Implementation: Further develop this system to a higher TRL level | ||
Microorganisms | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 216/ISO 14238 | N-Transformation | 28–100 |
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 217/ISO 14239 | C-Transformation | 28–100 |
Alternative 1: D1 Fixed prolonged test duration | All microbial activities | 84–100 |
Alternative 2: D2 ISO 15685 | Potential ammonium oxidation | 84–100 |
Recommendation: Use D1 and D2 | All | 84–100 |
Implementation: Add D1 in OECD/ISO as annex for particular materials Add D2 in guidance for the testing of toxic ion releasing particular materials | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD 303A | C-Transformation, N-Transformation | No fixed duration (plateau phase of min. 21 days) |
Alternative 1: E1 Addition of denitrification chamber | C-Transformation, N-Transformation; sewage sludge for soil spiking | Transformation: no fixed duration Spiking: 10 days (mean sludge age in a wastewater treatment plant) |
Recommendation: Use E1 | C-Transformation, N-Transformation; sewage sludge for soil spiking | Transformation: no fixed duration Spiking: 10 days (mean sludge age in a wastewater treatment plant) |
Implementation: Add E1 in OECD as annex for particular material | ||
Daphnia magna | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD TG211 ISO 10706 | Survival Reproduction Growth (length) | 21 (daily monitoring) |
Alternative 1: F1 Multigenerational (F0, F1, F2) | Survival Reproduction Growth (length) | 21, 42, 70 |
Recommendation: Use F1 | All | 70 |
Implementation: Add F1 as annex to OECD TG211 | ||
Fish | ||
Standard (OECD/ISO): OECD TG305 | Bioaccumulation | Dietary: (10–14) + 28 or 42 |
Alternative 1: G1 | Bioaccumulation | Dietary: (10–14) + 52 or more |
Recommendation: Use G1 | All | depuration period of 52 or more days |
Implementation: Add G1 as annex to OECD TG305 | ||