Table 3 Costs of four ammonia emission abatement options, computed based on Oenema et al. [53]—each option would fully achieve the 2020 national emission reduction commitments, in 2016—and benefits of meeting these commitments, derived from WRF/Chem model simulations, integrated exposure–response (IER) functions and value of statistical life (VSL) metric
Cost of low nitrogen feed (M€) | Cost of covered manure storage (M€) | Cost of improving or substituting urea fertilizer application (M€) | Cost of low-emission animal housing (M€) | Economic benefit of reducing NH3 emissions (M€) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 1.80 (1.58–2.01) | 5.32 (3.34–7.30) | 5.70 (5.29–6.11) | 84.29 (75.71–92.86) | 319.09 (153.96–482.30) |
Bulgaria | 0.27 (0.24–0.30) | 0.80 (0.50–1.09) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 12.63 (11.35–13.92) | 101.19 (49.06–152.72) |
Denmark | 3.13 (2.75–3.50) | 9.26 (5.82–12.70) | 9.92 (9.20–10.64) | 146.62 (131.70–161.54) | 212.31 (101.47–321.09) |
Estonia | 0.53 (0.47–0.59) | 1.56 (0.98–2.15) | 1.68 (1.55–1.80) | 24.78 (22.25–27.30) | 97.63 (47.49–147.79) |
Finland | 1.15 (1.01–1.29) | 3.40 (2.14–4.66) | 3.64 (3.38–3.91) | 53.85 (48.37–59.33) | 295.22 (83.47–478.66) |
France | 12.15 (10.69–13.61) | 35.96 (22.60–49.33) | 38.52 (35.72–41.31) | 569.48 (511.53–627.44) | 848.78 (409.80–1282.79) |
Germany | 31.94 (28.11–35.78) | 94.56 (59.42–129.69) | 101.26 (93.92–108.61) | 1497.24 (1344.86–1649.62) | 3652.42 (1773.67–5514.07) |
Hungary | 2.56 (2.25–2.87) | 7.57 (4.76–10.39) | 8.11 (7.52–8.70) | 119.92 (107.71–132.12) | 164.99 (80.59–249.19) |
Ireland | 2.50 (2.20–2.79) | 7.39 (4.64–10.13) | 7.91 (7.34–8.48) | 116.95 (105.05–128.85) | 173.50 (81.76–261.08) |
Latvia | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 2.63 (1.65–3.61) | 2.82 (2.61–3.02) | 41.69 (37.45–45.93) | 26.04 (13.00–39.08) |
Luxembourg | 0.23 (0.20–0.26) | 0.68 (0.43–0.93) | 0.73 (0.67–0.78) | 10.75 (9.65–11.84) | 25.19 (9.28–38.04) |
Portugal | 0.52 (0.45–0.58) | 1.53 (0.96–2.09) | 1.64 (1.52–1.75) | 24.18 (21.72–26.64) | 113.80 (46.21–172.04) |
Slovakia | 0.17 (0.15–0.19) | 0.50 (0.31–0.68) | 0.53 (0.49–0.57) | 7.87 (7.07–8.67) | 92.42 (45.28–139.42) |
Spain | 7.03 (6.19–7.88) | 20.81 (13.08–28.55) | 22.29 (20.67–23.91) | 329.56 (296.02–363.10) | 182.47 (88.59–274.13) |
Sweden | 2.10 (1.85–2.36) | 6.23 (3.91–8.54) | 6.67 (6.18–7.15) | 98.60 (88.56–108.63) | 648.43 (206.38–994.32) |
United Kingdom | 12.79 (11.25–14.32) | 37.85 (23.78–51.91) | 40.53 (37.59–43.47) | 599.30 (538.31–660.29) | 3416.25 (1652.69–5159.09) |
EU-16 | 79.75 (70.18–89.32) | 236.05 (148.33–323.77) | 252.79 (234.45–271.14) | 3737.69 (3357.30–4118.08) | 10,369.74 (4842.69–15,705.82) |
EU-28 | 79.75 (70.18–89.32) | 236.05 (148.33–323.77) | 252.79 (234.45–271.14) | 3737.69 (3357.30–4118.08) | 13,488.21 (6357.81–20,414.03) |
EU-28 and neighbouring non-EU countries | 79.75 (70.18–89.32) | 236.05 (148.33–323.77) | 252.79 (234.45–271.14) | 3737.69 (3357.30–4118.08) | 14,837.48 (6976.17–22,465.43) |