Pesticide contamination and associated risk factors at public playgrounds near intensively managed apple and wine orchards

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 5 The results of the multivariate weighted linear regression analysis displaying the associations between pesticide concentration and environmental factors

OLS linear regression model	Estimates (β-weight)	95% CI [LL, UL]	p-value
Intercept	1.0	0.35 to 1.65	0.004
Distance from agricultural field (m)	− 1.07	− 1.99 to − 0.16	0.023
Apple orchard (%)	0.45	0.07 to 0.83	0.022
Global irradiance (W m⁻²)	− 1.22	− 1.82 to − 0.63	< 0.001
Time when spraying not allowed (h)^a	− 1.03	− 1.45 to − 0.61	< 0.001
Wind blowing away from playground (h)	− 1.23	− 1.92 to − 0.55	0.001
Rainfall (mm)	0.62	0.20 to 1.04	0.006
Distance: high wind speed (m s⁻¹)	1.25	0.48 to 2.02	0.003
Time when spraying allowed (h): Wind speed (m s⁻¹)^a	0.81	0.31 to 1.31	0.003

Basic model information and model fit statistics
N	F _(8,21)	AIC	BIC	R² and CI	adj. R²	Residual standard error	Homoscedasticity (Breusch-Pagan)
69	14.75	84.53	98.54	0.85 0.59–0.87	0.79	1.12	Assumption not violated (P = 0.066)

The model contains first-order interactions showing estimates (β weights) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for all predictors, as well as indicators for model quality (R², AIC, BIC). All included predictors are significantly associated with pesticide concentration on playgrounds (mg kg⁻¹ = ppm). The dependent outcome variable ‘pesticide concentration (mg kg⁻¹)’ on playgrounds was weighted by the number of detected pesticides per playground. LL, lower level; UL, upper level
A significant b-weight indicates that semi-partial correlation is also significant. LL and UL indicate the lower and upper limits of a confidence interval, respectively
^aPesticide spraying is allowed during wind speeds < 3 m s⁻¹