Substance | Exposure period | Species | Target organ/Effect | Effective dosagea | NOAELa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFOS | 28 days | Rats | Body weight ↓, liver mass ↑, and altered gene expression and fatty acid metabolism in the liver, T3, and T4 ↓ | 2 to 20 mg/kg feed | n.r. | Curran et al. [143] |
 | 14 weeks | Rats (male) | Hypertrophy and vacuolization of the liver | n.r. | 0.37 | Seacat et al. [108] |
 | 26 weeks | Cynomolgus monkey | Centrilobular vacuolization, hypertrophy of the liver, T3 ↓, TSH ↑, HDL ↓, and bilirubin, cholesterol concentrations ↓ | n.r. | 0.03 | Seacat et al. [128] |
 | 1 and 4 months | Fresh water larvae of small dragonflies | Deterioration of behavioral and activity parameters (larvae were less active, less able to avoid attackers, or less efficient in foraging) | > 10 μg/L | 10 μg/L | Van Gossum et al. [289] |
PFOA | 7 days | Japanese guppies | Activity of peroxisomal acyl-CoA-oxidase ↑ and significant inhibition of catalase activity, mRNA concentration proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β ↑ | 50 and 100 mg/L | n.r. | Yang [147] |
 | 14 days | Minnows | Changes in the expression of apolipoproteins and upstream genes (PPARα, PPARγ, HNF4α) | n.r. | n.r. | Fang et al. [148] |
 | 90 days | Rats (male) | Liver mass ↑ and hepatocellular necrosis | 1.7 | 0.6 | Goldenthal [290] |
APFO | 14 days | Rats | Body weight gain ↓, liver mass ↑, and serum enzyme activity ↑ | 84 mg/m3 | 1 mg/m3 | Kennedy et al. [100] |
 | 90 days | Rats (male) | Absolute and relative liver mass ↑, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and effects were reversible | 0.64 | 0.06 | Perkins et al. [141] |
 | 90 days | Rhesus monkey | Gastrointestinal effects and mortality | 3 to 100 | n.r. | Goldenthal [145] |
 | 26 weeks | Cynomolgus monkey | Liver mass and mortality ↑ | 3 to 30 | n.r. | Butenhoff et al. [146] |
PFOS/PFDA/PFOA | 3 weeks | Chicks (male) | No significant effects | n.r. | > 1 | Yeung et al. [284] |