Material | Morphology | Size ∅ [nm] | Size length [µm] | Reactivity | Description of agglomeration | EC50 [mg/L] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials with toxic effects to R. subcapitata | ||||||
Non-doped TiO2 | Spheres | 19 | – | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 0.38 [0.33–0.43] |
Eu-doped TiO2 | Spheres | 10 | – | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 0.91 [0.75–1.10] |
TiO2 cubes | Cubes | 16 | – | Not determined | Loose agglomerates of large particles with attached and entrapped algae | 0.92 [0.55–1.51] |
TiO2_fibre IG | Fibre | 61 | 1.4 | No | Small and large, mainly loose agglomerates with entrapped and attached algae | 1.3 [n.d.] |
Y2O3 | Spheres | 32 | No | Particles attached to algae; no dense coverage; additionally, large agglomerates of algae and particles | 2.6 [2.2–3.1] | |
Fe-doped TiO2 | Spheres | 23 | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 3.6 [2.6–4.8] | |
TiO2_fibre RG | Fibre | 65 | 1.3 | No | Small and large, mainly loose agglomerates with entrapped and attached algae | 4.2 [0.033–668] |
TiO2 NM-105 | Spheres | 21 | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 4.7 [3.5–5.5] | |
CeO2 NM-212 | Spheres | 30 | – | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 5.6 [3.0–10.4] |
sSiC | Spheres | 75 | – | Yes | Small particles attached to some algae (half of the cell covered); algae attached to agglomerates exceeding size of algae; potentially entrapment of algae | 7.8 [4.4–13.8] |
CeO2 NM-211 | Spheres | 10 | – | No | Algae densely covered by particles | 8.5 [7.7–9.3] |
Materials with low toxicity to R. subcapitata | ||||||
CeO2 NM-213 | Spheres | 33 | – | No | Minor attachment of particles to algae; no dense coverage | 43.8 [n.d.] |
TiO2 NM-104 | Spheres | 30 | – | No | Minor attachment of particles to algae; no dense coverage | 60.1 [13.9–234.2] |
SiC_thin | Fibres | 190 | 11.7 | Not determined | Individual fibres; small, loose agglomerates of the fibres with entrapped and attached algae | 99.9 [29.1–315.6] |
SiC whisker | Whisker | 314 | 3.7 | Not determined | Individual whiskers and loose agglomerates with some attached and entrapped algae | Small toxicity (–30% effect at 100 mg/L) |
Materials without toxicity to R. subcapitata | ||||||
INT718 | Spheres | 10.8 *103 | – | No | Individual particles or agglomerates comprising a few particles; only some algae are attached on the surface of the particles or agglomerates | No toxicity |
IN_Y2O3 | Platelet | 26.1 *103 | Thickness: 3.6 | No | No toxicity | |
Ti64 | Platelet | 17.7 *103 | – | No | No toxicity | |
Ti64_SiC | Spheres | 37.9 *103 | Thickness: 11.0 | No | No toxicity |