Table 1 Description of mussels and gammarid biomarkers and related threshold values
Sentinel species | Targeted organs/cells | Class of biomarkers | Biological functions | Methodology | Response to contaminants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D. polymorpha | Hemocytes | Cellular activity | Phagocytosis efficiency | Barjhoux et al. [41] | Inhibition |
Digestive gland | Enzymatic activity | Phenoloxidase (PO) | Janssens and Stoks [42] | Induction | |
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) | Habig et al. [43] | ||||
Lipase | Hani et al. [39] | Inhibition–Induction | |||
Amylase | |||||
Lipase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | |||||
Amylase, acid phosphatase (PAC) | |||||
Aspartate transaminase (ASAT) | |||||
Energy reserve | Protein content | Hani et al. [39] | Inhibition | ||
Glycogen content | |||||
Lipid content | |||||
Glucose content | |||||
Electron transport system (ETS) | |||||
Cellular energy allocation (CEA) | |||||
Gene expression | Cytochrome C oxidase (Cox) | Louis et al. [44] | Induction | ||
ATP synthase (ATPase) | |||||
G. fossarum | Whole tissues | Peptide biomarkers | Reproduction Osmoregulation Molting process General stress response | Gouveia et al. [24] | Inhibition–Induction |