Toxicity of ZnO and Fe2O3 nano-agro-chemicals to soil microbial activities, nitrogen utilization, and associated human health risks

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Nitrogen balance in the pots applied with and/without nanoparticles based on the N addition with manure, total N uptake by radish, and residual mineral N in the soils over a period of 180 days. Net recovery of organic N with different letters (a, b, c) within a column are significantly different at 5% probability level

Treatment	N applied			N Uptake		Final Mineral N in Soil		Net recovery of Organic N
	Total	Mineral	Organic	Total	From Compost	Total	From Compost	A^$	B^#
	(g m⁻²)			(g m⁻²)		(g m⁻²)		(g m⁻²)	(%)
Control	6.25	2.12	4.13	2.47		0.40	–	–	–
^‡ZONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	2.02		0.39	–	–	–
^!IONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	2.44		0.38	–	–	–
ZONPs + IONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	2.51		0.37	–	–	–
^‖PM	6.25	2.12	4.13	6.62	4.16	0.52	0.13	2.17 a	52.52 a
PM + ZONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	4.79	2.77	0.52	0.13	0.78 c	18.80 c
PM + IONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	5.90	3.46	0.52	0.14	1.48 b	35.89 b
PM + ZONPs + IONPs	6.25	2.12	4.13	5.82	3.30	0.50	0.13	1.32 b	31.93 b

^$[(N uptake from manure + final mineral N from manure in the soil)—mineral N applied with manure]
^#[(A/applied manure N)*100]
^‡ = Zinc oxide nanoparticles, ^! = Iron oxide nanoparticles and ^‖ = Poultry manure