Table 8 Performance and score of CO2 fleet limits
From: European road transport policy assessment: a case study for Germany
Performance | Score | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|
Target achievement | |||
 (1) |  130gCO2/km goal by 2015 was achieved |
| [35] |
 Policies led to a rapid CO2 reduction rate in test cycles |
| [44] | |
 Led to implementation of innovations: |
| [44] | |
•high-pressure fuel injection and auxiliary system improvement, hybrids, downsizing, 6-speed dual-clutch transmission and advanced EGR technology |  |  | |
•"super credits" for eco-innovation help to implement fuel-saving technologies, such as cylinder deactivation |  |  | |
 (2) | A low-volume manufacturer (responsible for fewer than 10,000 passenger cars or fewer than 22,000 vans newly registered per year) |
| [29] |
Cost-efficiency | |||
 A high penalty for exceeding limits (95 €/gCO2 per vehicle on fleet average) ensures compliance |
| [29] | |
 Expected abatement costs between 32.4 and 39.8€/tonCO2 for passenger cars |
| [44] | |
Practical feasibility | |||
 Self-commitment of car manufacturers for CO2 reduction failed. Therefore, the CO2 fleet limit was introduced in 2012 |
| [7] | |
 Test cycles constitute a significant issue of assessment—> switch from NETC to WLTP in 2017 |
| [35] | |
 Has the ability to compare different powertrains, but in 2020 only focusing on operative emissions |
| [44] | |
• Embedded emissions • Well-to-wheel emissions and lifecycle approach • Consideration of possible rebound effects • Impacts of emissions and other pollutants (Turbocharger and higher gasoline share lead to higher—and smaller—particle matter) |  |  | |
 Consumer decisions are still decisive—SUV share is rising (38% of newly registered cars in 2019 in EU)—limited effect on consumer choice Fig. 2 |
| [35] | |
Onset of effect: |
| [7] | |
• Five years after implementation, 50% and after 10 years, 85% of the fleet were within the limit • Limit set in 2019 for 2030 will significantly form the fleet in 2040 |  |  | |
 It has no effect on transport performance (kilometers driven), while passenger car transport performance is projected to increase by 10% by 2030 |
| [7] | |
 Issue of CO2-Pooling: Pure electric car manufacturers can sell their "super credits" to other car companies to lower their fleet emissions, as happened with Tesla, Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles and Honda in 2019. This CO2-pooling cooperation ended in 2021 |
| ||
