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Table 1 Regulatory framework for commercial vehicles and passenger cars

From: European road transport policy assessment: a case study for Germany

Designation

Orientation

Category

EPI-Type

Regulated objective

Fuel quality directive

Fuel Producer/distributor

NM

Technology mandates

Reducing GHG intensity of fuels

Euro norm

Vehicle producer

NM

Performance/technology standard

Limit harmful non-CO2 emissions

Directive on mobile air conditioning systems

Vehicle producer

NM

Performance Standard

Refrigerant of light vehicles

CO2 fleet limits

Vehicle producer

NM

Performance Standard

Limit harmful CO2 emissions for new PC and CV (after 2020 also for HDV)

Car energy labeling

Vehicle producer/seller

NM

Labeling

PC: Visualization of energy class

EV purchase incentive

Consumer

M

Subsidy

EV Incentive for PC and CV

Vehicle ownership tax

Consumer

M

Tax

Vehicle-related tax

Energy tax

Consumer

M

Tax

Fuel consumption

CO2 tax (NEHS)

Consumer

M

Tax

Fuel consumption

Low emission zones

Consumer

NM

Performance Standard

Harmful emissions limits for cities

Truck toll

Consumer

M

Tax

Toll for trucks > 7.5t per km

  1. M market-based, NM non-market-based, PC passenger car, CV commercial vehicles, EV electric vehicles