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Table 4 Limitations and improvement alternatives for bio-based products

From: Management of agricultural waste biomass as raw material for the construction sector: an analysis of sustainable and circular alternatives

Limitations and/or disadvantages

Alternatives to reduce adverse effects

References

Increase LOI

Reduction of workability

Lower strength activity index (SAI)

Higher drying shrinkage

High water absorption

Susceptibility towards chemical attack

Effect of moisture content on internal bonding

Dimensional stability

Lower durability

Crack formation

Additional treatments

Chemical and/or heat treatment of fibres

Pre-treatment methods (screening, burning, drying, firing)

Incorporation of nanomaterials nano silica, nano alumina

Inclusion of bacteria in rice husk

Addition of stone dust

[15, 19, 21, 22, 24,25,26, 32, 33, 36, 52, 56, 61, 91, 105, 106, 109,110,111, 113]