Table 3 Main types and properties of AWBs used by category
Type of biomaterials | Main type and form of AWB | Main characteristics of the by-product | Effects on the properties of bio-based products | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Category 1 Binding materials, aggregates and/or additives for soil, cement and/or concrete | Rice Husk (Ash) Sugarcane bagasse (Ash) Coconut husks (Ash) | Rich in amorphous silica High pozzolanic activity Pore-forming additives Lower specific gravity Increases setting time lower thermal conductivity | Improved mechanical properties (Compressive, flexural, shear and tensile strength) Reduction of thermal conductivity Density reduction (lighter materials) Better resistance to acid attack Increased resistance to chloride penetration Lower water absorption Reduced permeability Improved durability Improved workability Improvement of the geotechnical properties of the soil | [5, 6, 15, 18, 21, 24,25,26, 29, 33,34,35, 50, 51, 54, 59, 62, 66,67,68,69,70,71, 73, 74, 81, 90, 92, 112] |
Category 2 Brick materials | Rice Husk (Ash) Cereal Straw (Ash –fibers) Sugarcane bagasse (Ash) | Increased ceramic strength Increase in amount and size of pores Reduction of bulk density Reduction of brick weight Reduction of the thermal conductivity coefficient Lower dead load Improved thermal insulation properties Improved static properties Reduced plasticity | ||
Category 3 Materials/biocomposites for structural and/or reinforcement applications | Cereal Straw (Fibers) Rice Husk (Ash) Coconut husks (Fibers—Ash) | Lower specific gravity High percentage of fibers Longer fibers Tubular internal structure, strong and efficient Low density High cellulose and hemicellulose content | Improvement of impact, tensile and flexural strength Better resistance to water and thickness swelling Low weight Good sound absorption Improved load transfer and crack arrest efficiency Improved thermal insulation/thermal stability Better structural integrity and energy dissipation Good stiffness for civil infrastructural applications Control of shrinkagecracks Decreases erosion of materials Improveds shrinkage properties Better absorption of impact energy | [15, 20, 55, 56, 60, 82, 95, 98, 99, 105, 107,108,109,110,111, 113] |
Category 4 Materials for thermal and/or acoustic insulation in buildings | Rice Husk (fibers) Cereal Straw (fibers) Sugarcane bagasse (fibers) | Better thermal and environmental performance Good thermal conductivity and resistivity Satisfactory results in mechanical and thermophysical performance High sound absorption coefficients Lower density | ||
Category 5 Road construction materials | Rice Husk (Ash-fibers) Coconut Shell (Small aggregate) Sugarcane bagasse (Fibers) Palm shells (coarse aggregate) | Increased resistance to thermal cracking of the pavement at low temperatures Reduced permanent (plastic) deformation at high road surface temperatures under traffic loads Improvement of -the rutting factor Improved fatigue resistance of the asphalt binder Good range stability Marshall Improved mechanical properties |