Table 1 Main types of bio-based products
Biomaterials by category | Type of bio-based products | References |
|---|---|---|
Category 1 Binding materials, aggregates and/or additives for soil, cement and/or concrete | Sustainable cement Green, ecological and/or sustainable concrete Concrete blocks Hardened concrete Agro-concrete/cement Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete Lightweight aggregate concrete Cement concrete Geopolymer concrete Clayey sand and soil Cement mortars Activated cement mortar Cement-based panels Wood-cement blocks Roofing tiles Clay and laterite soils | [6, 17, 26,27,28,29, 33, 34, 50,51,52, 54, 62, 66,67,68,69, 71, 72, 75, 81, 83, 86, 88,89,90,91, 99] |
Category 2 Brick materials | Ceramic bricks Clay bricks Clay matrix bricks Fired clay bricks Agro bricks Earth bricks Light fired clay bricks Lightweight bricks Thermally efficient burnt clay bricks Eco-friendly clay bricks Eco-friendly porous ceramic bricks Unfired earth blocks/bricks White brick fuel cell Building block for masonry wall | [5, 15, 16, 21, 29, 41, 53, 55, 57, 63, 76, 77, 79, 85, 96, 100,101,102,103,104] |
Category 3 Materials/biocomposites for structural and/or reinforcement applications | Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFPCs) Polymer matrices for lightweight structural applications Reinforced polypropylene composites (wall panel) Bio-epoxy resin reinforced green composites Bio-based polymers Wallpaper Hybrid polypropylene composites False ceiling tiles Fiber-cement Concrete walls Cement-bonded particleboard Binderless fibre-board Reinforced polypropylene Reinforced composites Particleboard Fibreboards Unitary (or ‘‘monolithic”) structural components and assemblies Earth Plaster Composites Panels, door shutters, door frames, roofing sheets and dough molding compounds Roofing tiles, ceiling plates, thin sheets, wall panels Lightweight building components Structural sheathing materials Composite boards/panels | [20, 41, 55, 56, 60, 78, 82, 95, 98, 99, 105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112] |
Category 4 Materials for thermal and/or acoustic insulation in buildings | Joints between walls, windows, floor, and roof Recycled waste panels Insulation panels Bio-based insulations Structural materials for low-energy buildings Thermal insulating plate Reinforced panels Particleboards Bio-Based Plastics | |
Category 5 Road construction materials | Sustainable bio-modified asphalt Asphaltic concrete Modified Asphalt Binders |