Spatiotemporal analysis of multi-pesticide residues in the largest Central European shallow lake, Lake Balaton, and its sub-catchment area

Tóth, Gergő; Háhn, Judit; Szoboszlay, Sándor; Harkai, Péter; Farkas, Milán; Radó, Júlia; Göbölös, Balázs; Kaszab, Edit; Szabó, István; Urbányi, Béla; Kriszt, Balázs

doi:10.1186/s12302-022-00630-2

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 1 Environmental risk assessment of the detected pesticides following the worst-case scenario

From: Spatiotemporal analysis of multi-pesticide residues in the largest Central European shallow lake, Lake Balaton, and its sub-catchment area

Detected compound	Number of positive hits	Frequency of occurrence (FO) [%]	AA-EQS [µg/L]	mean MEC [µg/L] / water body	MAC-EQS [µg/L]	maximum MEC [µg/L]	PNEC (present in literature) [µg/L]	Critical toxicity endpoint of aquatic organisms	RQ max	Level of risk
*Endrin*^†	1	0.5	0.01¹	0.0006	n. a	0.009	1.22E-08^a	acute crustacean LC₅₀	7.38E + 05	High
Metolachlor^*	26	12.8	–	–	–	0.11	0.001^b	chronic algae 96/72 h NOEC	110
*4,4′-DDE*^M†	1	0.5	0.025²	0.0005	n. a	0.019	0.0007^c	acute crustacean LC₅₀	27.1
Thiabendazole	5	2.5	–	–	–	0.25	0.012^b	chronic fish 21 d NOEC	20.8
Carbendazim^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.03	0.0015^b	chronic invertebrate 96/72 h NOEC	20.0
Imazalil	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.2	0.015^b	chronic invertebrate 96/72 h NOEC	13.3
Azoxystrobin	6	3.0	–	–	–	0.03	0.0026^d	chronic invertebrate 21 d NOEL	11.5
Tebuconazole	14	6.9	–	–	–	0.06	0.01^b	chronic invertebrate 96/72 h NOEC	6.0
Glyphosate	9	4.4	–⁴	–	–⁴	2.0	0.355 l	chronic algae 32 d NOEL	5.6
Atrazine^†	17	8.4	0.6	0.016, 0.057, 0.0053	2.0	0.45	0.1^b	chronic algae 96/72 h NOEC	4.5
*Imidacloprid*	8	3.9	–	–	–	0.04	0.009^f	HC₅ from chronic SSD	4.4
Desethyl-atrazine^M†	31	15.3	–	–	–	0.28	0.1^d	acute algae 12 d EC₅₀ growth	2.8
Terbuthylazine	74	36.5	–	–	–	0.16	0.06^d	chronic algae 5 d NOEL	2.7
*4,4′-DDT*^†	1	0.5	0.01³	0.0004	n. a	0.021	0.0098^c	acute crustacean LC₅₀	2.1
*Propoxur*^†	4	2.0	–	–	–	0.02	0.01^d	acute invertebrate 48 h LC₅₀	2.0
*4,4′-DDD*^M†	1	0.5	0.025 ²	0.0005	n. a	0.018	0.0129 g	acute crustacean LC₅₀	1.4
Metribuzin	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.04	0.044 l	chronic algae 96 h NOEC	1.1
Linuron^†	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.06	0.06 ^d	chronic algae 72 h EC₅₀	1.0
Dinoseb^†	1	0.5	–	–	-	0.02	0.028 h	acute fish 96 h LC₅₀	0.7	Medium
Terbutryn^†	1	0.5	0.065	0.0067	0.34	0.02	0.028^b	chronic algae 96/72 h NOEC	0.7
Sebuthylazine^†	3	1.5	–	–	–	0.02	0.03^e	provisional	0.7
*Acetamiprid*	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.31	0.6^d	acute insect 48 h NOEL mortality	0.5
Chlorotoluron	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.05	0.1^d	chronic algae 96 h NOEC	0.5
Bentazone	17	8.4	– ⁴	–	– ⁴	0.11	0.285 l	chronic algae 7 d NOEC	0.4
Diuron^†	3	1.5	0.2	0.0083, 0.006	1.8	0.02	0.046^d	chronic algae 96 h NOEC	0.4
Dimethenamide	2	1.0	–	–	-–	0.07	0.2^d	plant 14 d NOEL	0.4
*DEET*	71	35	–	–	–	1.57	5.21^j	chronic algae 96/72 h NOEC	0.4
Dimoxystrobin	2	1	–	–	–	0.01	0.032 k	chronic fish 97 d NOEC	0.3
Cycloate^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.21	0.7899^c	acute crustacean LC₅₀	0.3
Fluazinam	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.02	0.1 m	acute fish 96 h LC₅₀	0.2
Fludioxonil	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.01	0.0466ⁱ	chronic algae 96 h, NOEL	0.2
Isoproturon^†	1	0.5	0.3	0.0053	1.0	0.01	0.052^b	chronic algae 96/72 h NOEC	0.2
Metazachlor	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.02	0.162^d	acute algae 72 h EC₅₀	0.1
*α-chlordane*^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.009	0.09ⁿ	acute fish 96 h LC₅₀	0.1
*Ƴ-chlordane*^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.008	0.09ⁿ	acute fish 96 h LC₅₀	0.1
*Butylate*^†	10	4.9	–	–	–	0.13	1.88°	acute algae 96 h EC₅₀	0.07	Low
Myclobutanil	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.08	1.1^c	acute crustacean LC₅₀	0.07
Dichlorprop	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.03	0.5 l	acute fish 96 h EC₅₀	0.06
*Disulfoton sulfoxide*^M†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.01	0.2 l (disulfoton)	chronic invertebrate 4 d LC₅₀	0.05
AMPA^M	21	10.5	– ³	–	– ³	3.0	80^p	provisional	0.04
Dimethomorph	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.02	0.5^q	acute invertebrate NOEC	0.04
Metalaxyl	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.3	8.03^c	acute crustacean LC₅₀	0.04
Propiconazole	11	5.4	–	–	–	0.05	1.36^d	chronic fish 21 d NOEC	0.04
Cyproconazole	12	5.9	–	–	–	0.02	0.6^d	chronic algae 120 h NOEL	0.03
MCPA	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.03	1.4^d	chronic plant 14 d NOEL	0.02
Nicosulfuron	4	2.0	–	–	–	0.03	1.43ⁱ	acute algae 96 h EC₅₀	0.02
2,4-D	6	3.0	–	–	–	0.04	2.7ⁱ	acute algae 7d EC₅₀	0.015
Simazine^†	1	0.5	1.0	0.0056	4.0	0.01	0.7^b	chronic fish 21 d NOEC	0.014
*Thionazin*^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.06	5 l	chronic algae 96 h NOEC	0.012
Boscalid	7	3.4	–	–	–	0.02	2.32^d	chronic fish 97 d NOEC	0.008
Penconazole	2	1.0	–	–	–	0.05	6^r	not known	0.008
Mecoprop	1	0.5	– ⁴	–	– ⁴	0.01	6^p	provisional	0.001
Fenuron^†	1	0.5	–	–	–	0.01	7 l	chronic algae 10 d EC₁₀	0.0001

Ecotoxicological data and the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were collected from the literature or calculated using databases [EnviroTox, PPDB] as described in the methods (indicated in the superscript). The maximal Risk Quotient (RQ max) values were calculated and characterized the level of risk. Insecticide and repellent residues are in bold and italics, herbicide residues are in bold, fungicide residues are in italics
FO% frequency of occurrence, AA-EQS annual average environmental quality standard, MAC-EQS maximum allowable concentration environmental quality standard (according to the 2013/39/EC), mean MEC calculated average concentration values (according to 2009/90/EC), maximum MEC—maximum measured environmental concentration for each compound. n. a. not applicable, EQS—not listed as a priority substance in the field of water policy according to Directive 2013/39/EC
^†the banned pesticide residues in Hungary during the investigation period. ^*sum of the enantiomer/isomer composition of metolachlor. ^Ma metabolite of the active substance of pesticide
^a[39]; ^b[9]; ^c[40]; ^d[33]; ^e[41]; ^f[42]; ^g[43]; ^h[44]; ⁱ[36]; ^j[45]; ^k[46]; ^l[37]; ^m[47]; ⁿ[32].; ^o[48]; ^p[49]; ^q[14]; ^r[50].
¹the sum of cyclodiene pesticides; ²DDT total comprises the sum of the isomers; ³this substance is not a priority substance but one of the other pollutants for which the EQS are identical to those laid down in the legislation that applied before 13 January 2009. ⁴possible identification as priority substances or priority hazardous substances according to Directive 2008/105/EC [38]

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