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Table 2 Panel stationarity tests results

From: Economic growth, energy consumption and environmental degradation nexus in heterogeneous countries: does education matter?

Variables

LLC

IPS

ADF-Fisher

Pesaran

High-income

CO2

0.095

3.712

29.178

2.401

GDP

− 2.992***

− 0.397

67.961

− 1.422*

ENG

− 2.053**

2.561

37.858

2.925

EDU

− 3.596***

-3.036

124.757***

− 2.586**

ΔCO2

− 7.147***

-14.840***

320.912***

− 16.567***

ΔGDP

− 10.073***

-10.702***

227.706***

− 9.524***

ΔENG

− 7.556***

− 15.136***

329.377***

− 14.233***

ΔEDU

− 8.546***

− 10.324***

217.784***

− 7.235***

Upper-middle-income

CO2

− 1.339*

0.939

35.953

− 1.434*

GDP

−1.195

3.731

27.362

− 2.957**

ENG

− 1.711**

0.343

35.467

− 1.221

EDU

− 0.274

0.633

33.804

− 1.302*

ΔCO2

− 6.603***

− 10.674***

189.351***

− 10.257***

ΔGDP

− 11.954***

− 12.847***

240.669***

− 7.424***

ΔENG

− 6.272***

− 10.177***

180.363***

− 8.623***

ΔEDU

− 4.990***

− 6.672***

123.632***

− 6.493***

Lower-middle-income

CO2

− 1.249

− 0.622

61.783

− 1.280*

GDP

3.180

3.678

42.979

− 0.312

ENG

2.504

0.832

55.263

− 0.719

EDU

2.731

2.410

60.633

− 1.771**

ΔCO2

− 9.741***

− 15.711***

324.675***

− 14.274***

ΔGDP

− 4.706***

− 8.000***

224.521***

− 7.208***

ΔENG

− 10.814***

− 14.546***

333.087***

− 11.929***

ΔEDU

− 5.210***

− 8.436***

218.124***

− 6.016***

Low-income

CO2

0.584

0.418

15.837

0.584

GDP

0.163

0.862

18.322

1.314

ENG

1.567

1.170

19.774

1.567

EDU

− 0.903

1.129

27.935

− 0.132

ΔCO2

− 7.677***

− 10.986***

146.623***

− 7.677***

ΔGDP

− 5.232***

− 8.328***

110.059***

− 8.962***

ΔENG

− 13.615***

− 15.690***

223.887***

− 13.615***

ΔEDU

− 1.996**

− 3.137***

48.925***

− 5.579***

  1. ***, **, and * indicate statistically significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively