Variables | LLC | IPS | ADF-Fisher | Pesaran |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-income | ||||
CO2 | 0.095 | 3.712 | 29.178 | 2.401 |
GDP | − 2.992*** | − 0.397 | 67.961 | − 1.422* |
ENG | − 2.053** | 2.561 | 37.858 | 2.925 |
EDU | − 3.596*** | -3.036 | 124.757*** | − 2.586** |
ΔCO2 | − 7.147*** | -14.840*** | 320.912*** | − 16.567*** |
ΔGDP | − 10.073*** | -10.702*** | 227.706*** | − 9.524*** |
ΔENG | − 7.556*** | − 15.136*** | 329.377*** | − 14.233*** |
ΔEDU | − 8.546*** | − 10.324*** | 217.784*** | − 7.235*** |
Upper-middle-income | ||||
CO2 | − 1.339* | 0.939 | 35.953 | − 1.434* |
GDP | −1.195 | 3.731 | 27.362 | − 2.957** |
ENG | − 1.711** | 0.343 | 35.467 | − 1.221 |
EDU | − 0.274 | 0.633 | 33.804 | − 1.302* |
ΔCO2 | − 6.603*** | − 10.674*** | 189.351*** | − 10.257*** |
ΔGDP | − 11.954*** | − 12.847*** | 240.669*** | − 7.424*** |
ΔENG | − 6.272*** | − 10.177*** | 180.363*** | − 8.623*** |
ΔEDU | − 4.990*** | − 6.672*** | 123.632*** | − 6.493*** |
Lower-middle-income | ||||
CO2 | − 1.249 | − 0.622 | 61.783 | − 1.280* |
GDP | 3.180 | 3.678 | 42.979 | − 0.312 |
ENG | 2.504 | 0.832 | 55.263 | − 0.719 |
EDU | 2.731 | 2.410 | 60.633 | − 1.771** |
ΔCO2 | − 9.741*** | − 15.711*** | 324.675*** | − 14.274*** |
ΔGDP | − 4.706*** | − 8.000*** | 224.521*** | − 7.208*** |
ΔENG | − 10.814*** | − 14.546*** | 333.087*** | − 11.929*** |
ΔEDU | − 5.210*** | − 8.436*** | 218.124*** | − 6.016*** |
Low-income | ||||
CO2 | 0.584 | 0.418 | 15.837 | 0.584 |
GDP | 0.163 | 0.862 | 18.322 | 1.314 |
ENG | 1.567 | 1.170 | 19.774 | 1.567 |
EDU | − 0.903 | 1.129 | 27.935 | − 0.132 |
ΔCO2 | − 7.677*** | − 10.986*** | 146.623*** | − 7.677*** |
ΔGDP | − 5.232*** | − 8.328*** | 110.059*** | − 8.962*** |
ΔENG | − 13.615*** | − 15.690*** | 223.887*** | − 13.615*** |
ΔEDU | − 1.996** | − 3.137*** | 48.925*** | − 5.579*** |