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Fig. 3 | Environmental Sciences Europe

Fig. 3

From: Reducing overall herbicide use may reduce risks to humans but increase toxic loads to honeybees, earthworms and birds

Fig. 3

Acute toxic loads (TL) of herbicidal chemical classes used from 2010 and 2019 in Austria for (a, b) honeybees (A. mellifera), (c, d) earthworms (E. fetida), and (e, f) birds (S. serinus). Calculations based on LD50 values weighted by soil half-lives (DT50). Left column (a, c, e) showing all herbicide classes, right column (b, d, f) without the most problematic bipyridyliums. Note different y-axes scales. See Table 6 for statistical results

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