Fig. 3From: Reducing overall herbicide use may reduce risks to humans but increase toxic loads to honeybees, earthworms and birdsAcute toxic loads (TL) of herbicidal chemical classes used from 2010 and 2019 in Austria for (a, b) honeybees (A. mellifera), (c, d) earthworms (E. fetida), and (e, f) birds (S. serinus). Calculations based on LD50 values weighted by soil half-lives (DT50). Left column (a, c, e) showing all herbicide classes, right column (b, d, f) without the most problematic bipyridyliums. Note different y-axes scales. See Table 6 for statistical resultsBack to article page