Environmental quality standards for diclofenac derived under the European water framework directive: 2. Avian secondary poisoning

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Summary of the percentage of freshwater monitoring samples complying with the proposed EQS values for diclofenac in freshwater derived in this study (0.23 µg/L) and by EC [14] (0.0054 µg/L)

Data set	Population density (people/sq. km of land area)^a	Number of samples	Sample density (samples/people/sq. km of land area)	Percentage of samples < 0.0054 μg/L	Percentage of samples < 0.230 μg/L
Hungary	106.84	20	0.19	25.0	70.0
Germany	238.25	233	0.98	5.2	74.2
Cyprus	130.67	4	0.03	25.0	75.0
Flanders	N.C	1025	N.C	0.2	78.0
Austria	108.06	18	0.17	0.0	83.3
Luxembourg	260.20	8	0.03	25.0	87.5
Denmark	145.79	8	0.05	37.5	87.5
Portugal	112.50	218	1.94	0.0	90.8
Poland	123.95	180	1.45	5.0	91.1
Italy	200.03	50	0.25	36.0	94.0
Netherlands	518.00	603	1.16	21.2	94.4
Slovenia	104.30	30	0.29	0.0	96.7
England	433.96	576	1.33	0.0	96.9
France	123.08	21,472	174.46	41.7	98.2
Danube	N.C	266	N.C	26.7	98.9
Sweden	25.42	93	3.66	88.2	98.9
Rhine	N.C	816	N.C	23.3	99.5
Northern Ireland	137.43	284	2.07	0.0	100.0
Slovakia	113.54	12	0.11	0.0	100.0
Switzerland	218.57	714	3.27	0.0	100.0
Estonia	30.62	9	0.29	22.2	100.0
Scotland	70.17	14	0.20	35.7	100.0
Finland	18.20	46	2.53	37.0	100.0
Ireland	72.50	8	0.11	37.5	100.0
Croatia	71.52	6	0.08	50.0	100.0
Wales	152.85	4	0.03	50.0	100.0
Iceland	3.63	3	0.83	66.7	100.0
Latvia	30.63	11	0.36	90.9	100.0
Lithuania	44.62	11	0.25	100.0	100.0
Malta	1641.52	2	1.22E-03	100.0	100.0

^aPopulation density for 2020; all data from The World Bank [57] except for United Kingdom constituent countries which were obtained from the Office of National Statistics [46]
N.C. not calculable