Environmental quality standards for diclofenac derived under the European water framework directive: 2. Avian secondary poisoning

Peters, A.; Crane, M.; Merrington, G.; Ryan, Jim

doi:10.1186/s12302-022-00601-7

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 1 Summary of Gyps vulture toxicity data

From: Environmental quality standards for diclofenac derived under the European water framework directive: 2. Avian secondary poisoning

Species	Case number	Exposure concentration (mg/kg bw)	Exposure route	Effect	Time to death (h)	Cause of death/necropsy results	Diclofenac residues (mg/kg kidney)	Authors
G. bengalensis	11	0.007	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died	96	Renal failure/gout	0.38	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	12	0.025	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived				Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	8	0.027	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived				Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	10	0.028	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived				Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	7	0.029	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived				Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	9	0.029	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived				Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	D	0.14	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died	144	Renal failure/gout	0.07	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	F	0.24	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived		No renal lesions	< LOD (8 days after exposure)	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis		0.25	Oral	Died	36–58	Renal failure/gout	0.16	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis		0.25	Oral	Survived		No renal lesions	< LOD (4 weeks after exposure)	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	H	0.55	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died	24		0.25	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	B	0.6	Food (buffalo/goat)	Survived		No renal lesions	< LOD (8 days after exposure)	Oaks et al. [45]
G. africanus		0.8	Oral	Died	39	Renal failure/gout	0.149–0.813	Swan et al. [55]
G. africanus		0.8	Oral	Died	42	Renal failure/gout	0.149–0.813	Swan et al. [55]
G. fulvus		0.8	Oral	Died	28	Renal failure/gout	0.149–0.813	Swan et al. [55]
G. fulvus		0.8	Oral	Died	35	Renal failure/gout	0.149–0.813	Swan et al. [55]
G. fulvus		0.8	Oral	Died	48	Renal failure/gout	0.149–0.813	Swan et al. [55]
G. coprotheres		0.8	Intravenous injection	Died	48	Renal failure/gout	0.04	Naidoo et al. [43]
G. coprotheres		0.8	Intravenous injection	Died	48	Renal failure/gout	0.39	Naidoo et al. [43]
G. bengalensis	64	0.82	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.54	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	65	0.82	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout		Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	62	0.84	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.22	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	63	0.84	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.12	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	70	0.86	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.74	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	67	0.86	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout		Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	68	0.86	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout		Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	66	0.88	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.26	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	73	0.91	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout	0.91	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis	72	0.94	Food (buffalo/goat)	Died		Renal failure/gout		Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis		2.5	Oral	Died	36–58	Renal failure/gout	0.29	Oaks et al. [45]
G. bengalensis		2.5	Oral	Died	36–58	Renal failure/gout	1.1	Oaks et al. [45]

The data reported in Oaks et al. [45] were reanalysed in two subsequent papers

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