Table 3 Mortality-related data of study population receiving GM food

Carman JA 2013 [26]**

Yorkshire-cross piglets (isowean pig)

T:84

Mixed DK 42–88 RR YG PL corn and RR soy

Ad libitum

22.7 weeks

1

Mortality

T: 14%,

C:84

Non-GM varieties of soy and corn

C: 13% (no difference)

Cyran N 2008 a [32]**

T1: F0 mice

36

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 × MON810) (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

The duration of the F0 generation was not known

5

Mortality in parental performance

(after weaning)

No differences were seen in the performance of the parental mice in all generations

T2: 3 females of 24 pairs died before delivery for unknown reasons;

C2: 1 female of 24 pairs died before delivery for unknown reasons;

R2: 1 female of 24 pairs died before delivery for unknown reasons;

C3: 1 female of 24 pairs died before delivery for unknown reasons;

C1: F0 mice

36

33.0% isoline

R1: F0 mice

36

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn

T2: F1 mice

184

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) after weaning

For pups, the duration was 7 weeks (3 weeks suckling to the dam + 4 weeks consuming the test diet)

C2: F1 mice

185

33.0% isoline after weaning

R2: F1 mice

138

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn after weaning

T3: F2 mice

189

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) after weaning

C3: F2 mice

198

33.0% isoline after weaning

R3: F2 mice

194

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn after weaning

T4: F3 mice

208

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) after weaning

C4: F3 mice

202

33.0% isoline after weaning

R4: F3 mice

230

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn after weaning

T5: F4 mice

125

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) after weaning

C5: F4 mice

145

33.0% isoline after weaning

R5: F4 mice

199

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn after weaning

Cyran N 2008 b [32]**

T1: F1 mice

10

33.0% of the transgenic corn (NK603 x MON810) (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

22 months

1

1. Survive

2. Average life time of mice

1. 2 mice of each group were still alive after almost 22 months

2. 16.3 months in the ISO

15.7 months in the A REF

17.0 months in the GM group but was not significantly different

C1: F1 mice

10

33.0% isoline

R1: F1 mice

10

33.0% GM-free Austrian corn

Ermakova I 2005 [37] **

T1: F0 Wistar rats

6

T1: Roundup-Ready soya (40.3.2 line) (formulated in accordance with standard laboratory feed, similarly hereinafter)

T1/C1: before mating: 20 g soya flour for every cage (5–7 g flour for each rat) every day; upon delivery: the amount of soya supplement was increased by an additional g for every pup born

Not reported

2

1. Pup mortality (number of dead rats in F1/number of rats born in F1)

2. Pup mortality from every female in T1 (number of pups died/number of newborn rats)

1. T2: 25/45 (55.6%)

C2: 3/33 (9%)

R2: 3/44 (6.8%)

C1: F0 Wistar rats

3

C1: traditional soya variety

2. Female No.1: 7/11, 64%

Female No.2: 4/8, 50%

Female No.3: 6/13, 46%

Female No.4: 8/13, 62%

R1: F0 Wistar rats

6

R1: standard laboratory feed without any supplementation

Ad libitum

T2: F1 Wistar rats

45

T2: Roundup-Ready soya (40.3.2 line)

T2/C2: from 13–14 days of age: 2–3 g soya supplement for every pup

C2: F1 Wistar rats

33

C2: traditional soya variety

R2: F1 Wistar rats

44

R2: standard laboratory feed without any supplementation

Ad libitum

Hammond B 2006 [42]**

Sprague–Dawley rats

T1: male 20

Corn rootworm-protected corn event of approximately 11% w/w (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

90d

1

Mortality

T3 group: 1/20 (died on day 92, the cause of death was unknown because macroscopic or microscopic examination of tissues showed no unusual)

C3 group: 1/20 (died on day 64, a broken maxilla was found at necropsy)

1/120 (1 male in a reference group died on day 88, the cause of death was not apparent)

2/120 (2 females in a reference group died at week 5 shortly after the interim blood collections)

T2: female 20

MON 863 of 11% w/w

T3: male 20

MON 863 of 33% w/w

T4: female 20

MON 863 of 33% w/w

C1: male 20

Near-isogenic control of 11% w/w

C2: female 20

Near-isogenic control of 11% w/w

C3: male 20

Near-isogenic control of 33% w/w

C4: female 20

Near-isogenic control of 33% w/w

R1: male 20

Reference variety A of 33% w/w

R2: female 20

Reference variety A of 33% w/w

R3: male 20

Reference variety B of 33% w/w

R4: female 20

Reference variety B of 33% w/w

R5: male 20

Reference variety C of 33% w/w

R6: female 20

Reference variety C of 33% w/w

R7: male 20

Reference variety D of 33% w/w

R8: female 20

Reference variety D of 33% w/w

R9: male 20

Reference variety E of 33% w/w

R10: female 20

Reference variety E of 33% w/w

R11: male 20

Reference variety F of 33% w/w

R12: female 20

Reference variety F of 33% w/w

Naegeli H 2018 a [35]**

CD-1(ICR) mice

T1: 32 (16/16)

Cry1A.105 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 10 mg/kg bw per day

28d

1

Mortality

No test substance-related mortality was observed

T3 group: 3/32 were found dead or were sacrificed as a consequence of gavage errors (1 male on day 3, 2 females on day 14 and 17)

C group: 1/32 (1 male died on day 13 with an unestablished cause of death

T2: 32 (16/16)

Cry1A.105 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 100 mg/kg bw per day

T3: 32 (16/16)

Cry1A.105 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 1000 mg/kg bw per day

C: 32 (16/16)

Bovine serum albumin

at a targeted nominal dose of 1000 mg/kg bw per day

Naegeli H 2018 b [35]**

CD-1(ICR) mice

T1: 32 (16/16)

Cry2Ab2 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 10 mg/kg bw per day

28d

1

Mortality

No test substance-related mortality was observed

T2 group: 1/32 (1 female died as a consequence of gavage errors)

C group: 1/32 (1 male died as a consequence of gavage errors)

T2: 32 (16/16)

Cry2Ab2 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 100 mg/kg bw per day

T3: 32 (16/16)

Cry2Ab2 protein (in bicarbonate buffer solution)

At targeted nominal doses of 1000 mg/kg bw per day

C: 32 (16/16)

Bovine serum albumin

at a targeted nominal dose of 1000 mg/kg bw per day

Qian ZY 2018 b [68]**

Wistar rats

T1: 40 (20/20)

7.5% transgenic DAS-44406–6 soybean (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

90d

1

Mortality

There were no test substance-related deaths, but two females in two GM groups were found dead before study termination. One female rat from the 7.5% DAS-44406–6 group was found dead on study day 52. The likely cause of death for this animal was consistent with acute trauma as microscopic findings included acute haemorrhage around the olfactory bulb of the brain, tongue, and salivary gland. One female in the 15% DAS-44406–6 group was found dead on study day 94. The cause of death was attributed to the jugular blood collection procedure as the animal died after phlebotomy and had macroscopic findings of dark red skeletal muscle on the ventral neck

T2: 40 (20/20)

15% transgenic DAS-44406–6 soybean

T3: 40 (20/20)

30% transgenic DAS-44406–6 soybean

C1: 40 (20/20)

Standard basal diet (the main nutritional composition met with standard GB 14,924.3–2001 “Laboratory animals – Mice and rat formula feeds.”)

C2: 40 (20/20)

7.5% near isoline soybean

C3: 40 (20/20)

15% near isoline soybean

C4: 40 (20/20)

30% near isoline soybean

Sakamoto Y 2008 [196]**

F344 DuCrj rats

T1: male 50

30% Pioneer brand 90B72 GM soybean, (formulated in accordance with basal diet, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

104 weeks

1

Survival rate

There was no significant difference between groups. The survival rates in each group were as follows

76%

T2: female 50

30% Pioneer brand 90B72 GM Soybean

80%

C1: male 50

30% 9071 Non-GM soybean

73%

C2: female 50

30% 9071Non-GM soybean

70%

C3: male 35

Commercial diet (CE-2)

80%

C4: female 35

Commercial diet (CE-2)

74%

Séralini GE 2014 [74]**

T1: male (virgin albino Sprague–Dawley rats, (similarly hereinafter)

T2: female

T3: male

T4: female

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

Ad libitum

2 years

1

1. Mortality by the end of the experiment

Control males: 30% (3 rats)

Control females: 20% (2 rats)

Males in GM groups with or without Roundup: 50%

Females in GM groups with or without Roundup: 70%

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

2. Mortality before mean survival time

Females in all treated group and 3 male groups fed GMOs: mortality was 2–3 times more than controls and more rapid

20

Plain water and 11% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T5: male

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T6: female

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T7: male

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T8: female

20

Plain water and 22% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T9: male

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T10: female

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize treated with Roundup

T11: male

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

T12: female

20

Plain water and 33% of GM NK603 maize not treated with Roundup

C1: male

20

Plain water and standard diet from the closest isogenic non-transgenic maize control

C2: female

20

Plain water and standard diet from the closest isogenic non-transgenic maize control

C3: male

20

Control diet and water with 1.1*10–8% of R (the contaminating level of some regular tap waters)

C4: female

20

Control diet and water with 1.1*10–8% of R (the contaminating level of some regular tap waters)

C5: male

20

Control diet and water with 0.09% of R (US MRL of glyphosate in some GM feed)

C6: female

20

Control diet and water with 0.09% of R (US MRL of glyphosate in some GM feed)

C7: male

20

Control diet and water with 0.5% of R (half of the minimal agricultural working dilution)

C8: female

20

Control diet and water with 0.5% of R (half of the minimal agricultural working dilution)

Talyn B 2019 [88]**

3-day-old adult Drosophila melanogaster

T1: 278 (129/149)

Herbicide-tolerant w/Roundup (standard medium made with genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant corn (NK603), which was sprayed with Roundup® Weather Max at the rate of 32 oz/acre)

Ad libitum

Until all flies in the vial had died

1

The lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster

A significant difference between organic (C2 group) and Roundup® Ready with Roundup® (T1 group) (Cox proportional hazards, risk ratio = 2.706, p = 0.0073), while other comparisons are not (remaining p-values range from 0.146 to 0.869)

T2: 227 (112/115)

Herbicide-tolerant unsprayed (standard medium made with genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant corn (NK603) without Roundup®)

C1: 262 (138/124)

Non-GMO unsprayed (standard medium made with near-isogenic, NK603 progenitor strain into which the herbicide-tolerant construct had not been inserted)

C2: 271 (134/137)

Organic commercial (standard medium made with organic commercial corn)

Tang XQ 2019 [156]**

Sprague–Dawley rats

T: 48 (24/24)

Transgenic rice T2A-1 with cry2A* gene (60.75% during the growth period and 66.75% during the maintenance period, formulated in accordance with AIN-93 diet)

Ad libitum

52 weeks

1

Mortality

There were no test substance-related deaths, but 1 female in the AIN-93 diet group and 1 male in the GM group were found dead at week 51, showing no obvious adverse symptoms before death and no obvious abnormality in the autopsy

C: 48 (24/24)

Non-transgenic rice of parent ‘Minghui 63’ line (60.75% during the growth period and 66.75% during the maintenance period, formulated in accordance with AIN-93 diet)

R: 48 (24/24)

AIN-93 diet

Zhu H 2014 [193]**

Sprague–Dawley rats

T1: 20

T1: 9.41% of Bt-799 maize (formulated in accordance with AIN-93G purified diets, similarly hereinafter)

Ad libitum

13 weeks

1

Mortality

One rat in the T1 group died at the 11th week after the feeding, and no abnormalities or morphological changes were found by anatomic and pathological examination

T2: 20

T2: 28. 23% of Bt-799 maize

T3: 20

T3: 84.68% of Bt-799 maize

C: 20

C: 84.68% of Zheng-58 maize

R: 20

R: AIN-93G purified diets