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Table 2 Overview of molecular responses with relevance in definition of biomarker of effects of NCs measured in aquatic organisms in (eco)toxicological studies and AOPs including corresponding MIE or KE

From: Approaches, limitations and challenges in development of biomarker-based strategy for impact assessment of neuroactive compounds in the aquatic environment

Biomarkers

(Eco)toxicological studies

AOPsa

Exposure to NCs

Model organism(s)

Response

References

ID

Response

Neurotransmitter levels or related neuronal activity

 Acetylcholine (Ach)

Wastewater effluent

Rutilus rutilus

↓

[50]

16, 281, 312

↑

 

Diazinon and diazoxon

Oreochromis niloticus

↑

[51]

 Dopamine

Venlafaxine

Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops

 = 

[52]

112, 170

↑, ↓

 

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↓

[53]

 

Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons

Elliptio complanata

↑

[54]

 

Dieldrin

Micropterus salmoides

 = 

[55]

 

Fluoxetine

Carassius auratus

↑

[56]

 

Diazepam

Daphnia magna

↓

[57]

 Serotonin

Venlafaxine

Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops

↓

[52]

97, 98, 195, 203, 204

↑

 

Wastewater effluent

Rutilus rutilus

↑, = 

[50]

 

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↓

[58]

 

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↓

[53]

 

Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons

Elliptio complanata

↑

[54]

 

Fluoxetine

Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops

↓

[59]

 

Fluoxetine

Carassius auratus

↑

[56]

 

Fluoxetine

Daphnia magna

↑

[57]

 GABA

Dieldrin

Micropterus salmoides

↑

[55]

197, 215, 231

↓, ↑

 

Diazepam

Daphnia magna

↓

[57]

  

 Glutamate

Wastewater effluent

Rutilus rutilus

↑, ↓

[50]

13, 215

↓, ↑

Neurotransmitter receptors

 Nicotinic Ach receptors

No relevant (eco)toxicological studies including these biomarkers

178

↑

 Muscarinic Ach receptors

281

↑

 Serotonin receptors

221, 222, 224, 225, 235, 236

↓, ↑

 GABA receptors

10, 160, 215, 231

↓, ↑

 Glutamate receptors

12, 13, 48, 113, 161, 215

↓, ↑

 α-noradrenergic (NE) receptors

126

↓

 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

164

↑

 Mu Opioid Receptor

233, 234

↑

Neurotransmitters catabolic enzymes

 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

Pulp and paper mill effluents

Carassius auratus

↓

[60]

16, 281, 312

↓

 

Sewage effluent

Astyanax bimaculatus

↓, = 

[61]

 

Fluoxetine

Pomatoschistus microps

↓

[62]

 

Organophosphorus

insecticides

Estuarine fish and invertebrates

↓

Reviewed by [63]

 

Diazepam

Hediste diversicolor

↑

[64]

 

Mixture of pesticides

Markiana nigripinnis and Astyanax lacustris

↓, = 

[65]

 

Municipal wastewaters

Abramis brama

↑, = 

[66]

 

Municipal wastewaters

Meretrix meretrix

↑, = 

[67]

 Monoaminoxidase (MAO)

Caffeine, carbamazepine

Corbicula fluminea

 = 

[68]

No AOPs including these biomarkers as MIE/KE

 

Wastewater treatment plant effluents

Different fish species

↑, ↓

[69]

 

Pulp and paper mill effluents

Carassius auratus

↓

[60]

 

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↑

[58]

 

Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons

Elliptio complanata

↑

[54]

 

Carbamazepine, fluoxetine

Hediste diversicolor

↓

[70]

 GABA transaminase (GABA-T)

Pulp and paper mill effluents

Carassius auratus

↑, ↓

[60]

Neurotransmitter transporters

 Dopamine transporters

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↑

[53]

No AOPs including these biomarkers as MIE/KE

 

Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons

Elliptio complanata

↑

[54]

 

Fluoxetine

Carassius auratus

↓

[56]

 Serotonin transporters

Municipal effluents

Elliptio complanata

↓

[53]

97, 98, 195, 203, 204, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226

↓, ↑

 

Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons

Elliptio complanata

↓

[54]

Voltage-gated ion channels activity

 Sodium channels

No relevant (eco)toxicological studies including these biomarkers

94, 96, 197, 215, 230

↓, ↑

 Potassium channels

95

↓

  1. MIE Molecular Initiating Event, KE Key Event
  2. aThe web addresses and status for each AOP are provided in Additional file 1: Table S1