Biomarkers | (Eco)toxicological studies | AOPsa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure to NCs | Model organism(s) | Response | References | ID | Response | |
Neurotransmitter levels or related neuronal activity | ||||||
 Acetylcholine (Ach) | Wastewater effluent | Rutilus rutilus | ↓ | [50] | 16, 281, 312 | ↑ |
 | Diazinon and diazoxon | Oreochromis niloticus | ↑ | [51] | ||
 Dopamine | Venlafaxine | Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops |  =  | [52] | 112, 170 | ↑, ↓ |
 | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↓ | [53] | ||
 | Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [54] | ||
 | Dieldrin | Micropterus salmoides |  =  | [55] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Carassius auratus | ↑ | [56] | ||
 | Diazepam | Daphnia magna | ↓ | [57] | ||
 Serotonin | Venlafaxine | Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops | ↓ | [52] | 97, 98, 195, 203, 204 | ↑ |
 | Wastewater effluent | Rutilus rutilus | ↑, =  | [50] | ||
 | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↓ | [58] | ||
 | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↓ | [53] | ||
 | Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [54] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops | ↓ | [59] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Carassius auratus | ↑ | [56] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Daphnia magna | ↑ | [57] | ||
 GABA | Dieldrin | Micropterus salmoides | ↑ | [55] | 197, 215, 231 | ↓, ↑ |
 | Diazepam | Daphnia magna | ↓ | [57] |  |  |
 Glutamate | Wastewater effluent | Rutilus rutilus | ↑, ↓ | [50] | 13, 215 | ↓, ↑ |
Neurotransmitter receptors | ||||||
 Nicotinic Ach receptors | No relevant (eco)toxicological studies including these biomarkers | 178 | ↑ | |||
 Muscarinic Ach receptors | 281 | ↑ | ||||
 Serotonin receptors | 221, 222, 224, 225, 235, 236 | ↓, ↑ | ||||
 GABA receptors | 10, 160, 215, 231 | ↓, ↑ | ||||
 Glutamate receptors | 12, 13, 48, 113, 161, 215 | ↓, ↑ | ||||
 α-noradrenergic (NE) receptors | 126 | ↓ | ||||
 Beta-2 adrenergic receptor | 164 | ↑ | ||||
 Mu Opioid Receptor | 233, 234 | ↑ | ||||
Neurotransmitters catabolic enzymes | ||||||
 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) | Pulp and paper mill effluents | Carassius auratus | ↓ | [60] | 16, 281, 312 | ↓ |
 | Sewage effluent | Astyanax bimaculatus | ↓, =  | [61] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Pomatoschistus microps | ↓ | [62] | ||
 | Organophosphorus insecticides | Estuarine fish and invertebrates | ↓ | Reviewed by [63] | ||
 | Diazepam | Hediste diversicolor | ↑ | [64] | ||
 | Mixture of pesticides | Markiana nigripinnis and Astyanax lacustris | ↓, =  | [65] | ||
 | Municipal wastewaters | Abramis brama | ↑, =  | [66] | ||
 | Municipal wastewaters | Meretrix meretrix | ↑, =  | [67] | ||
 Monoaminoxidase (MAO) | Caffeine, carbamazepine | Corbicula fluminea |  =  | [68] | No AOPs including these biomarkers as MIE/KE | |
 | Wastewater treatment plant effluents | Different fish species | ↑, ↓ | [69] | ||
 | Pulp and paper mill effluents | Carassius auratus | ↓ | [60] | ||
 | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [58] | ||
 | Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [54] | ||
 | Carbamazepine, fluoxetine | Hediste diversicolor | ↓ | [70] | ||
 GABA transaminase (GABA-T) | Pulp and paper mill effluents | Carassius auratus | ↑, ↓ | [60] | ||
Neurotransmitter transporters | ||||||
 Dopamine transporters | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [53] | No AOPs including these biomarkers as MIE/KE | |
 | Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons | Elliptio complanata | ↑ | [54] | ||
 | Fluoxetine | Carassius auratus | ↓ | [56] | ||
 Serotonin transporters | Municipal effluents | Elliptio complanata | ↓ | [53] | 97, 98, 195, 203, 204, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 | ↓, ↑ |
 | Domestic wastewater aeration lagoons | Elliptio complanata | ↓ | [54] | ||
Voltage-gated ion channels activity | ||||||
 Sodium channels | No relevant (eco)toxicological studies including these biomarkers | 94, 96, 197, 215, 230 | ↓, ↑ | |||
 Potassium channels | 95 | ↓ |