Approaches, limitations and challenges in development of biomarker-based strategy for impact assessment of neuroactive compounds in the aquatic environment

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 1 Neuroactive compounds (NCs), model organisms, tested concentrations and lowest concentrations with the observed effect(s) in examples of laboratory studies providing experimentally derived evidence of adverse effects of NCs in aquatic organisms

Neuroactive compound	Model organism	Tested concentrations (µg/L)	Lowest concentration with the observed effect(s) (µg/L)	References
Carbamazepine	Danio rerio	1, 2 and 5	1	[27]
Oxazepam	Lota lota	1 and 100	1	[28]
d-Amphetamine	Danio rerio	13,5–2704	13,5	[29]
Cocaine	Danio rerio	68–17,000	2000	[29]
Cocaine	Danio rerio	1000–20,000	5000	[30]
Cocaine	Danio rerio	5–51,000	510^a	[31]
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”)	Danio rerio	250–120,000	40,000	[32]
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	Danio rerio	300–5000	600 (LC₅₀ = 3 650)	[33]
Cannabidiol (CBD)	Danio rerio	70–1250	70 (LC₅₀ = 530)	[33]
Ethoprophos	Astyanax aeneus	14	14	[36]

^aConcentration with the most consistent efficacy; LC50—median lethal concentration