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Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 5 Suggestion for updating the original VMP guideline Tables 4 and 5 [22] containing default values for pasture animals

From: Critical discussion of the current environmental risk assessment (ERA) of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) in the European Union, considering changes in animal husbandry

Animal type

Stocking density (animals ha−1)

Maximum body weight (kgbw)

Daily dung production (kgwwt d−1)

Daily dung production

(kg dry matter d−1)c

Dairy cow

3.5

800

36

9

Beef cattle

9.5

330

13

3.25

Laying hen

230a

2.5

0.07b

0.008–0.020

Pony

5

250

10

2.5

Horse

3

600

25

6.25

Sheep (adult ewe)

15

80

2

0.6

Lamb

25

36

0.9

0.27

Goat

15

60

1.6

0.48

Red deer (stag)

15

110

2.8

n.a

  1. aEcologically housed laying hens [143]. Maximal 170 kg nitrogen produced per year and hectare, which corresponds to 230 laying hens per hectare
  2. bData were taken from [144]
  3. cData were taken from [145]
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