Table 2 Evaluation of bias for the studies in the systematic review
Manuscript | Confounding bias | Control of the population | Control of the spatial and/or temporal dependence | Control of non-linearities | Measurement errors | Statistical model | Overall rating | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aabed | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Adekunle | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Adhikari | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Ahmadi | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Azar | 1 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Azuma | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Behnood | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Briz-Redón | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Byass | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Carleton | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Chadeau-Hyam | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Chakrabarty | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Chakraborty | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Chaudhry | 1 | 2 | 3 | NA | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Chien | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Coccia a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Coccia b | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Coker | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Das a | 3 | 1 | 3 | NA | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Das b | 1 | 3 | 3 | NA | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Demongeot | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
DiMaggio | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Dogan | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Drefahl | 1 | 3 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Falcão Sobral | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Fattorini | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Fazzini | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Fiasca | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Filippini | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Fu | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Guasp | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Guo C | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Guo XJ | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Gupta | 3 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Han | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
He | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Hoang a | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Hoang b | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
Hutter | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Iqbal MM | 3 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Iqbal N | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Isaia | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Islam ART | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
Islam N | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Jamshidi | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Jiang | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Jüni | 1 | 2 | NA | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
Kaiser | 1 | 2 | NA | NA | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Khan | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Kodera | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Kubota | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Lamb | 1 | 2 | 2 | NA | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Lau | 2 | 3 | 3 | NA | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Lhada | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Li AY | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Li H | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Li X | 2 | 3 | 3 | NA | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Liang | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Lin | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Liu | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
López-Feldman | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Luo | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
Ma | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Madhav | 1 | 1 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Malki | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Mandal | 3 | 1 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Marciel de Souza | 3 | 1 | 1 | NA | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Martorell-Marugan | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Medeiros-Figuereido | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Meo | 1 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Meraj | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Meyer | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Muñoz-Cacho | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Notari | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Ozyigit | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Paez | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Pan | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Pequeno | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Perone | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Pirouz | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Plümper | 2 | 2 | 2 | NA | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
Poirier | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Pozzer | NA | 2 | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Pramanik a | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Pramanik b | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Prata | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Price-Haywood | 1 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Qi | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Rafael | 3 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Rahman | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Rashed | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Rehman | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Richmond | 1 | 1 | 3 | NA | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
RodrÃguez-Villamizar | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Rozenfeld | 1 | 3 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Rubin | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Runkle | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Saez | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Sajadi | 1 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Sánchez-Lorenzo | 3 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Sannigrahi | 1 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
Sarkodie | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Scarpone | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
Sehra | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Shahzad F | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Shahzad K | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Shao | 2 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Shi | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Stieb | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
Su | 1 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Sun | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Tagaki a | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Tagaki b | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
To | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
TobÃas | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Tzampoglou | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Ujiie | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Wang Q | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Wang Y | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Ward a | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Ward b | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Wu X | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Wu Y | 2 | 2 | NA | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Xie J | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Xie Z | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Xu | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Yao a | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
Yao b | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
You | 1 | 2 | 1 | NA | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Zakeri | 1 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Zhang | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Zhu L | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
Zhu Y | 3 | 3 | NA | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
Dimensions | Overall | |||||||
 Number of 3 s | 47 | 53 | 80 | 73 | 90 | 77 | 85 | |
 Number of 2 s | 26 | 32 | 23 | 2 | 40 | 4 | 26 | |
 Number of 1 s | 60 | 48 | 30 | 58 | 3 | 52 | 22 | |