Table 2 Types of additives in plastic materials
From: Oceanic long-range transport of organic additives present in plastic products: an overview
Category/type of additive | Substances | Polymers in which applied | Typical range % w/w |
|---|---|---|---|
Plasticisers | Chlorinated paraffins, diisoheptylphthalate (DIHP), diisodecylphthalate (DIDP), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C7-11-branched and linear alkyl esters (DHNUP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), di-octyladipate (DOA), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutylphthalate (DiBP), tris(2 chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), diheptyl adipate (DHA), heptyl adipate (HAD), and heptyl octyl adipate (HOA) | PVC, cellulose plastic | 10–70 |
Flame retardants | Chlorinated paraffins, brominated flame retardants with antimony (Sb) as synergist (e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenylethane, tetrabromo-bisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA), phosphorous flame retardants (TCEP or tris(2-chlorisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP)), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) | Various | 2–60 |
Blowing agents | Azodicarbonamide (ADC), p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (TSH), 4,4’-oxibis (benzenesulfonylhydrazide) (OBSH), p-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide (TSSC), 5-phenyltetrazole (5-PT), N,N’-dinitroso-pentamethylenetetramine (DNPT) | Various | 0.05–20 |
Colourants | 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione, 2-methyl-4-((2-methylphenyl)azo)-benzenamine | Various | 0.25–5 |
Antifogging additives | Glycerol esters, polyglycerolester, sorbitan esters and their ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates | PE, PP, EVA copolymers, PVC | 1–3 |
Heat stabilisers | Nonylphenol (barium and calcium salts) | PVC | 0.5–3 |
Anti-static additives | Fatty acid esters, ethoxylated alkylamines, diethanolamides, ethoxylated alcohol, alkylsulfonates, alkylphosphates, tetraalkylammonium salt, trialkylbenzylammonium salt | PE, PP, PVC, PS/HIPS, ABS/SAN | 0.1–3 |
Lubricants | Fatty acid esters, hydrocarbon waxes, metal stearates, amide waxes, ester waxes | PVC, PS/ABS, PP, PE, engineered thermoplastics | 0.1–3 |
Curing agents | 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA); 2,2’-dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline (MOCA), formaldehyde – reaction products with aniline; hydrazine, TGIC/β-TGIC |  | 0.1–2 |
Primary Antioxidants | Irganox E 201, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Irganox 1076, Irganox 1135, Irganox 2246, Irganox 259, Irganox 1098, Irganox 1222, Irganox 1425, Irganox 245 | PP, PE, styrenics, engineered resins, PVC | 0.01–1 |
Antimicrobials | 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in dioctylphthalate, Ag-Zn-zeolites, 2,3,5,6 tetrachloro-4 (methylsulfonyl) pyridine, N-(trichloro-methylthio) phthalamide, 10,10’-oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA), triclosan | Plasticised PVC, PU, LDPE, polyester | 0.001–1 |
Secondary Antioxidants | Irgafos TNPP, Irgafos 168, Irgafos 126, ADK Stab PEP 36, ADK Stab HP-10, Hostanox P-EPQ, Ethanox 398, Weston 618, Irgafos 12, Irgafos 38, Ultranox 641, Irganox PS 802, Irganox PS 800 | PP, PE, styrenics, engineered resins, PVC | 0.02–0.5 |
Nickel Quenchers | Cyasorb UV-1084, Irgastab 2002, UV Chek AM 101, Sanduvor NPU | PP | 0.05–0.4 |
UV Absorbers | UV-P, UV-320, UV-326, UV-327, UV-328, UV-329, UV-350, UV-360, UV-571, Tinuvin 213, Tinuvin 234, Tinuvin 840, ADK Stab LA 51, Seesorb 1000, Cyasorb UV-9, Uvinul 400, Cyasorb UV-24, Cyasorb UV-531 | Various | 0.1–1 |
Hindered Amine Stabilisers | Tinuvin 770, Tinuvin 622 LD, Chimassorb 944, Chimassorb 119, Tinuvin 765, Tinuvin 144, Tinuvin 123, Chimassorb 2020 |  | 0.1–1.5 |
Slip additives | Erucamide, oleamide, stearamide | LDPE, PP | 0.05–0.15 |
Polymer processing aids | Fluoropolymers (e.g. copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene), polydimethyl siloxane oils | LLDPE |  < 0.1 |
Polymeric impact modifiers | Methacrylate butadiene styrene compounds, chlorinated PE, acrylic polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate | PVC, PE, PP | Â |