Fig. 4

Model validation with experimental data from Salmόn et al. [25]; a effect of osmotic solution concentration (\(C_{{\text{os,in}}} )\) on water flux; \(C_{{f,\text{in}}}\) = 300 g L⁻¹. o:\(C_{{\text{os,in}}} ~\) = 0 g L⁻¹, □:\(C_{{\text{os,in}}}\) = 150 g.L⁻¹. b Effect of feed concentration (\(C_{{f,\text{in}}} )\) on water flux, \(Q_{{f,\text{in}}}\) = 27 L h⁻¹, \(Q_{{\text{os,in}}}\) = 18 L.h⁻¹, \(T_{f} = T_{{\text{os}}} = 293 \pm 1 K\)