Table 1 Studies including standard leaching testing methods for NPs estimation from nano-enabled products
Nano-enabled product | Substrate | Tested media | Standard leaching test method | Elements/NPs detection and analytical techniques | Species detected in the leachate (ionic form, free NPs, embedded in the matrix) | Literature source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nano-based paints | Fibre cement panels | Rain water | ISO 2812-2:2007 | Ti, Ag and Si from TiO2, Ag and SiO2 NPs in paints by XRF and ICP-OES | Ionic form: Ti, Si | Zuin et al. [9] |
TiO2, SiO2 and Ag NPs detection by TEM–EDX | Free NPs: SiO2 | |||||
Fibre cement panels | Rain water | ISO 2812-2:2007 | Si, Ti and Ag by ICP-MS | Ionic form: Ti, Si, Ag | Zhang et al. [26] | |
Acid rain water | SiO2 NPs size by DLS (Ag and TiO2 NPs were not detected by DLS due to low concentration) | Free NPs: SiO2 | ||||
SiO2 NPs by TEM | ||||||
Aluminium layer | Synthetic seawater (according to ASTM D1141) | ISO 2812-2:2007 | Si and Cu from SIO2 and Cu2O NPs by ICP-OES | Ionic form: Cu | Lopez-Ortega et al. [32] | |
Polyvinyl chloride panels | DW | EN 12457-3:2002 | Si from SiO2 NPs in paints by ICP-MS | Ionic form: Si | Zuin et al. [7] | |
SiO2 NPs by TEM–EDX | Free NPs: SiO2 | |||||
Wood preservatives | Treated lumber | Ammoniacal copper system solution | AWPA E11-97 | Cu2+ by AAS | Ionic form: Cu | Ding et al. [44] |
Water-based suspensions | CuO NPs (10 and 50 nm), PVP-CuO-10 NPs, water soluble modified chitosan HTCC-CuO-10 and HTCC-CuO-50 NPs by TEM–EDS | Free NPs: all the Cu-based NPs | ||||
Treated wood | Rain water | EN 84:1997 | Total copper content determination by ICP-MS | Ionic form: Cu | Pantano et al. [46] | |
CuO NPs in an acrylic paint by spICP-MS and TEM–EDX | Free NPs: CuO | |||||
Beech and pine planks | Distilled water | EN 84:1997 | Percentage weight loss of samples before and after the addition of 5 different NPs (ZnO, zinc borate, Ag, Cu and copper borate) suspensions. Only indirectly NPs leaching estimation | Not determined | Bak and Németh [47] |