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Environmental Sciences Europe
Fig. 3 | Environmental Sciences Europe

Fig. 3

From: Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

Fig. 3

Mean glyphosate concentrations in soil (a, b) and leachate (c, d) after a simulated heavy rainfall in response to hand weeding (CO), or chemical weed control with glyphosate-based herbicides (LB—Roundup LB, PF—Roundup PowerFlex, TQ—Touchdown Quattro) or their respective active ingredients (Ipa—isopropylammonium salt, Po—potassium salt, Am—diammonium salt) under low (a, c) and high (b, d) soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Statistical results from ANOVAs are given below panels; Tukey tests compared GBH-AI pairs. Significant effects in bold; ns not significantly different (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. Means ± SE, n = 5

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