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Environmental Sciences Europe
Fig. 1 | Environmental Sciences Europe

Fig. 1

From: Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

Fig. 1

Mean surface cast numbers (a, b), cast mass (c, d) and surface movement activity (e, f) in response to hand weeding (CO), or chemical weed control with glyphosate-based herbicides (LB—Roundup LB, PF—Roundup PowerFlex, TQ—Touchdown Quattro) or their respective active ingredients (Ipa—isopropylammonium salt, Po—potassium salt, Am—diammonium salt) under low (a, c, e) and high (b, d, f) soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Statistical results from analyses of deviance and ANOVAs on individual treatments are given below panels; subsequent Tukey tests compared GBH-AI pairs. Significant results in bold; ns not significantly different (p > 0.05). Means ± SE across a 4-week sampling period, n = 5

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