Table 4 Previous studies using artificial mussels (AMs) in marine and freshwater ecosystems
Study area | Elements monitored | Bioindicator organism (BO) | Exposure period | Patterns | Concentrations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marine | |||||
Marine environments (developed) [2] | Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn | Perna viridis | 8 weeks | Laboratory patterns are similar while field patterns were differential | BO accumulated higher concentrations in the laboratory, in the field the AMs showed higher Cd, Cr and Pb, while Zn higher in BO |
Scotland and Iceland [3] | Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn | Mytilus edulis | 94 days | Differential patterns | BO contained significantly higher concentrations |
South African coastline [13] | Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn | Perna | 6 weeks | Differential patterns | Differential concentrations |
Portuguese Coast [14] | Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn | Mytilus galloprovincialis | 4 months | Similar patterns at different sites between different months sampled | Zn higher in BO, Pb higher in AM |
China coastline [9] | Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn | Mytilus edulis and Perna viridis | 30 days and 90 days | Similar patterns | M. edulis showed correlations for Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb. P. viridis showed correlations for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn |
Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh | Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, U and Zn | Only AMs were used | 4 weeks | - | - |
Estero de Urias Lagoon, Gulf of California [17] | Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, and Zn | Crassostrea palmula and Mytella strigata | 6 months | Differential patterns | Concentrations of Cd, Fe, Zn, Ni and Co in AMs were consistently lower than in the BO, Hg and U were only detectable in AMs |
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia [18] | As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn | Mytilus galloprovincialis | 4 weeks | Similar patterns for Pb, Cu and Cr | Significant correlation between Cr, Cu and Pb, lower correlations with As, Hg and Zn |
Freshwater | |||||
Goulburn–Murray catchment, Victoria, Australia [8] | Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn | Only AMs were used | 4 weeks | - | - |
Koekemoer Spruit, South Africa [6] | As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, U, V and Zn | Melanoides tuberculata | 30 days | Differential patterns | Most of the concentrations were similar, only Cd, Mn and Pb showed significant differences |
Nyl River floodplain, South Africa [10] | Al, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn | Spot water samples | 4 weeks | Differential patterns | Differential concentrations |
Sarıçay Stream, Turkey [11] | Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, and Zn | Unio crassus | 4 weeks | Differential patterns | Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations higher in BO |
Hex River System, South Africa [12] | As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Pt, V, and Zn | Corbicula fluminalis africana | 6 weeks | Differential patterns | Significantly higher Cr, Co, Cd and Zn concentrations in BO, AM accumulated Pt |