Fig. 1

Locations and carbon footprint (CF) performances of 20 universities fully rated allowing a relative comparison and ranking 1–20 in total CF performance Table 1. The lowest CF/best performance each found for constructed area (green), per capita (red), and per expenditures (blue) is given the same column height, these three minimum CFs are marked by an asterisk (ETH Zürich, University of Lüneburg). In each category, the relative column heights correspond to the absolute values, as shown in Fig. 3. For calculation of the CF performances, see Appendix: Table 3 and Fig. 7. Carbon offsets specified for three universities (see Fig. 3a–c) not considered here. The absolute CFs of Leuven University are shown numerically as an example. Mt = metric tons