Table 1 Summary of the properties of the selected alkaloids based on experimental data or QSAR predictions obtained from the Danish QSAR Database (http://qsar.food.dtu.dk/)
From: Toxicity and risk of plant-produced alkaloids to Daphnia magna
| Â | Gramine | Sparteine | Lupinine | Lupanine | Heliotrine | Senecionine | Monocrotaline | Monocrotaline N-oxide | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Alkaloid | Indole | Quinolizidine | Quinolizidine | Quinolizidine | Pyrrolizidine | Pyrrolizidine | Pyrrolizidine | Pyrrolizidine | |
Structure |
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Molecular Formula | C11H14N2 | C15H26N2 | C10H19NO | C15H24N2O | C16H27NO5 | C18H25NO5 | C16H23NO6 | C16H23NO7 | |
Molecular Weight (g/mol) | 174.25 | 234.39 | 169.27 | 248.37 | 313.4 | 335.4 | 325.36 | 341.36 | |
Boiling Point (oC) | 312.39 | 325a | 270.93 | 374.71 | 394.8 | 503.9 | 502.87 | Monocrotaline N-oxide not in QSAR database | |
Water Solubility (mg/L) | 34,400 | 3,040 at 22oCb | 2.512e + 004 at 25 °C | 831.5 | 46,350 | 165,300 | 901,900 | ||
pKa | 8.7 (Base) n/a (Acid) | 12 (Base) n/a (Acid) | 9.4 (Base) 15.3 (Acid) | 9.4 (Base) n/a (Acid) | 9.2 (Base) 14.1 (Acid) | 7.8 (Base) 12.4 (Acid) | 7.8 (Base) 11.2 (Acid) | ||
LogKow | 1.45 | 2.73 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 0.41 | -0.39 | − 1.18 | ||
LogKoc (MCI method) | 3.2306 | 3.71 | 1.727 | 3.1097 | 0.5358 | 1.9616 | 0.2883 | ||
LogKoc (Kow method) | 1.6618 | 2.304 | 1.355 | 1.7582 | 0.1074 | 0.1014 | − 0.747 | ||
Bioconcentration Factor (L/kg wet-wt) | 4.218 | 29.3 | 5.609 | 6.271 | 3.162 | 3.162 | 3.162 | ||
Level III Fugacity Environmental Partitioning t1/2 | Air | 2.03 h | 3.69 h | 3.69 h | 0.926 h | 0.444 h | 0.406 h | 0.489 h | |
Water | 60 d | 37.5 d | 37.5 d | 37.5 d | 37.5 d | 37.5 d | 60 d | ||
Soil | 120 d | 75 d | 75 d | 75 d | 75 d | 75 d | 120 d | ||
Sediment | 541.7 d | 337.5 d | 337.5 d | 337.5 d | 337.5 d | 337.5 d | 541.7 d | ||
Leadscope D. magna 48 h EC50 (mg/L) | 5.046 | 3.148 | 13.045 | 3.476 | 254,148 | 3.218 | 9.735 | Â | |
