Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 National-averaged trends magnitude (ppb per year ± standard deviation) of annual ozone mean concentrations at urban and rural background monitoring stations in Europe

Countries	Time period	References	n	Urban stations
Europe	1995–2012	[78]	289	+ 0.27 ± 0.10
Austria	1995–2014	[62]	6	+ 0.17 ± 0.12
Belgium			2	+ 0.08 ± 0.15
Germany			60	+ 0.19 ± 0.06
Greece			3	+ 0.18 ± 0.50
Netherlands			5	+ 0.19 ± 0.11
Slovenia			2	+ 0.14 ± 0.08
Spain			12	+ 0.36 ± 0.24
Sweden			3	+ 0.37 ± 0.10
Switzerland			11	+ 0.28 ± 0.11
United Kingdom			12	+ 0.21 ± 0.12
France	1999–2012	[64]	179	+ 0.14 ± 0.19
France	2000–2010	[46, 65]	29	+ 0.10 ± 0.30
Greece			3	+ 0.41 ± 0.15
Italy			20	+ 0.04 ± 0.30
Portugal			8	+ 0.40 ± 0.33
Spain			14	+ 0.48 ± 0.53
Europe	2000–2014	[8]	260	+ 0.05 ± 0.13
Belgium	2005–2014	[59]	2	+ 0.42 ± 0.05
France			136	+ 0.31 ± 0.42
Germany			79	+ 0.09 ± 0.17
Greece			4	+ 0.85 ± 0.43
Italy			50	+ 0.43 ± 0.84
Portugal			2	+ 0.48 ± 0.12
Spain			77	+ 0.54 ± 0.73
United Kingdom			29	- 0.18 ± 0.34
Germany	2005–2018	[59]	79	+ 0.18 ± 0.15

The studies were selected for more than 10-year time-series of ozone data, for stations with at least 75% of validated hourly data over the time period, and with a significant trend, i.e., with a p value < 0.05. Number of stations (n, with n ≥ 2)