Year-round pesticide contamination of public sites near intensively managed agricultural areas in South Tyrol

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 1 Characteristics of residues detected in the current study: Pesticide category and active ingredient, substance class, frequency of detection (Freq.) and maximum concentration (Max. conc.) in current samples, categorisations regarding carcinogenicity (Carc.), endocrine disruptor/activity (EDC), volatility and predicted mean dissipation half-life (HL; upper CI for residues with wide HL ranges in brackets)

Pesticide category/detected residue	Substance class	Freq.	Max. conc. (mg kg⁻¹)	Carc. [56]	EDC^a [94, 95]	Volatility^b [94]	HL^c [59]
Herbicides
Oxadiazon	Oxidiazole	1	0.64	–	Cat1	Low	3
Insecticides
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphate	2	0.71	–	Cat3	Low	4
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	Organophosphate	4	0.06	–	Cat2	Low	3
Imidacloprid	Neonicotinoid	5	0.03	–	Cat3	Low	4 (29)
Methoxyfenozide	Diacylhydrazine	5	0.03	–	Cat2	Low	7
Phosmet	Organophosphate	8	0.68	–	Cat3	Low	2
tau-Fluvalinate	Pyrethroid	1	0.01	–	Cat3	Low	3
Thiacloprid	Neonicotinoid	2	0.01	2	Cat3	Low	4
Fungicides
Ametoctradin	Triazolopyrimidine	1	0.01	–	–	Low	–
Boscalid	Carboxamide	1	0.04	–	Cat1	Low	7
Bupirimate	Pyrimidinol	1	0.03	2	Cat3	Low	–
Captan	Phthalimide	22	0.46	2	Cat3	Low	5
Cyflufenamid	Amidoxine	2	0.01	–	–	Low	–
Cyprodinil	Anilinopyrimidine	3	0.02	–	Cat3	Low	6
Difenoconazole	Triazole	10	0.12	–	Cat3	Low	5
Diphenylamine	Amine	2	0.51	–	–	Low	–
Dodine	Guanidine	12	0.23	–	–	Low	3
Fluazinam	Phenylpyridinamine	19	0.24	–	Cat2	Low	4 (69)
Fludioxonil	Phenylpyrrole	9	0.04	–	Cat3	Low	5
Fluxapyroxad	Pyrazolium	4	0.09	–	–	Low	–
Folpet	Phthalimide	5	0.15	2	Cat3	Low	5
Meptyldinocap	Dinitrophenol	5	0.15	–	Cat2	Low	3
Penconazole	Triazole	3	0.04	–	Cat3	Low	8
Penthiopyrad	Carboxamide	2	0.10	–	Cat2	Low	–
Propiconazole	Triazole	1	0.05	–	Cat2	Low	5
Pyraclostrobin	Strobilurin	1	0.01	–	Cat3	Low	4
Pyrimethanil	Anilinopyrimidine	1	0.03	–	Cat3	Low	5
Quinoxyfen	Quinoline	2	0.02	–	–	Low	6 (110)
Spiroxamine	Morpholine	1	0.02	–	Cat2	Low	10
Tebuconazole	Triazole	1	0.04	–	Cat1	Low	8
Tetraconazole	Triazole	1	0.01	–	Cat1	Low	5
Zoxamid	Benzamide	1	0.02	–	Cat3	Low	–
Preservative agent
2-phenylphenol	Phenole	1	0.02	–	–	High	–

No data available/not listed = “–”
^aED category 1: confirmed in animal studies, ED category 2: in-vitro study confirmed, ED category 3: endocrine active or potential disruptive, according to the structure of chemical substance and biochemical properties
^bRenewal Assessment Reports (RARs) including vapor pressures documented by the Reporting Member State in the process of EU approval for pesticides
^cMean predicted dissipation HL for residues were rounded to full days. Additionally, very high maximum HLs (> 25 days) are listed in brackets