Habitat services | Regulating services |
---|---|
1. Biodiversity/species protection: | 1. Climate change adaptation: |
a) Habitats for species | a) Mitigating urban heat island effect |
b) Permeability for migrating species | b) Strengthening ecosystems' resilience to climate change |
c) Connecting habitats | c) Storing floodwater and ameliorating surface water run-off to reduce the risk of flooding |
Cultural services | 2. Climate change mitigation: |
1. Recreation, well being, and health: | a) Carbon sequestration |
a) Recreation | b) Encouraging sustainable travel |
b) Sense of space and nature | c) Reducing energy use for heating and cooling buildings |
c) Cleaner air | d) Providing space for renewable energy |
d) Tourism/Ecotourism | Provisioning services |
2. Land values: | 1. Water management: |
a) Positive impact on land and property | a) Sustainable drainage systems, attenuating surface water run-off |
3. Culture and communities: | b) Fostering groundwater infiltration |
a) Local distinctiveness | c) Removal of pollutants from water |
b) Opportunities for education, training and social interactions | 2. Food production and security: |
c) Tourism opportunities | a) Direct food and fiber production on agricultural land, gardens, and allotments |
b) Keeping potential for agricultural land | |
c) Soil development and nutrient cycling | |
d) Preventing soil erosion |