Fig. 1

a Experimental field site at Taastrup, Denmark. A plot (14 × 16 m) is cultivated for both blue and yellow lupin, each plot divided into 12 beds (1 m), seeding was 3 rows/bed. The site was sheltered with an oat (Avena sativa) or grass belt. b Illustration of installed suction cups (pressure-vacuum lysimeter) in designated sub-plot to collect soil pore water, in the blue lupin, yellow lupin and control site