Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

Rüdel, Heinz; Kosfeld, Verena; Fliedner, Annette; Radermacher, Georg; Schlechtriem, Christian; Duffek, Anja; Rauert, Caren; Koschorreck, Jan

doi:10.1186/s12302-020-00404-8

Environmental Sciences Europe

Table 2 Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) and biomagnification factors (BMFs) for WFD priority substances that refer to freshwater ecosystems in the temperate zones (Europe, North America, and North China)

From: Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

Substance, congener, diastereomer	TMF	BMF	Water body	Type of aquatic food web	Analyzed fish tissue	Source
BDE 28	0.53		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 28	1.6		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 28	2.7	0.9–2.0 (TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[43]
BDE 28	0.6	0.78–0.60 (TL-corrected; zooplankton-fish)	Lago Maggiore, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[15]; [44]
BDE 47	5.72		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[45]
BDE 47	5.82		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[9]
BDE 47	6.95		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[46]
BDE 47	5.2	0.1–8.9 (fish–fish)	Lake Winnipeg, Can	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[47]
BDE 47	1.31		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
BDE 47	1.9	0.4–3.3 (TL-corrected, fish-zooplankton)	Lake Erie, Can, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[43]
BDE 47	4.2	0.3–3.6 (TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[43]
BDE 47	6.34 ± 1.19	4.1–7.6 (mean TL-corrected fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[20]
BDE 47	2.11		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 47	0.46		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 99	2.95		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[45]
BDE 99	1.39		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
BDE 99	2.43		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[9]
BDE 99	6.36 ± 1.19	8.0–22.1 (mean TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[20]
BDE 99	0.23		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 100	1.82		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
BDE 100	0.44		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 100	3.7	0.4–4.9 (TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[43]
BDE 100	6.18 ± 1.19	4.5–11.0 (mean TL-corrected fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[20]
BDE 153	0.50	0.45–0.55 (TL-corrected; zooplankton-fish)	Lakes Maggiore and Lugano, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[15]; [44]
BDE 153	2.08		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
BDE 153	0.28		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
BDE 153	6.34 ± 1.23	3.4–13.2 (mean TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[20]
BDE 154	1.65		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
BDE 154	9.46 ± 2.17	2.9–7.6 (mean TL-corrected fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[20]
BDE 154	0.47		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
Sum PBDE^$	1.51 (sum 9 congeners)		Lake Baiyangdian, China	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[48]
Sum PBDE^$	3.6 (sum 40 congeners)	0.4–4.0 (TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[43]
Sum PBDE^$	1.9 (sum 21 congeners)		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
Sum PBDE^$	0.39 (sum 21 congeners)		Lake Erie, Can, USA	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
HCB	2.4		Lake Como, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[49]
HCB	2.9 ± 1.7		17 lakes in Can and North USA	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[50]
HCB	2.1 ± 1.8		5 lakes in Can and North USA^a	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[50]
PCB 77	2.09	1.7–7.1 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 77	2.54		Lake Hartwell*, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[52]
PCB 81	2.67	1.7–6.9 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 126	2.96	2.8–8.9 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 169	3.20	1.9–10.2 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 105	4.01		Lake Hartwell*, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[52]
PCB 105	3.52	1.6–11.1 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 105	1.46		Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[35]
PCB 114	4.66	2.4–28 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 114	1.27		Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[35]
PCB 118	1.57		Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[35]
PCB 118	4.10		Lake Hartwell*, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[52]
PCB 118	2.9		Lake Como, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[49]
PCB 118	3.40	1.3–8.8	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 118	0.73	0.17–0.57 (TL-corrected; zooplankton-fish)	Lago Maggiore, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[15]
PCB 156	6.24		Lake Hartwell*, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[52]
PCB 156	1.63		Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[35]
PCB 156	2.2		Lake Como, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[49]
PCB 156	4.06	2.1–15.6 (fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
PCB 180	4.58		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[45]
PCB 180	6.01		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[9]
PCB 180	1.2		Lake Erie, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[53]
PCB 180	1.79		Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[35]
PCB 180	4.3 ± 1.9		17 lakes in Can and North USA	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[50]
PCB 180	3.8 ± 1.9		5 lakes in Can and North USA^a	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[50]
PCB 180	4.3		Lake Como, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[49]
Sum PCBs^$	2.40		Lake Superior	Pelagic	Whole fish	[54]
Sum PCBs^$	1.6 (FWMF; sum of 20 congeners)		Twelvemile Creek, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[55]
Sum PCBs^$	3.09 (sum of 127 congeners)		Lake Hartwell*, SC, USA	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[52]
Sum PCBs^$	1.6 (FWMF; sum 7 chiral congeners)	2.5–5.5 (fish–fish)	Lake Superior	Pelagic	Whole fish	[37]
Sum PCBs^$	1.44 (sum 8 congeners?)		Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[51]
Sum PCBs^$	2.8 (sum 31 congeners)		Lake Como, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[49]
α-HBCDD	2.58		Ponds, Dahuangpu Wetland Natural Conservation, Tianjin, China	Benthopelagic incl. herring gull	Fish fillet	[56]
γ-HBCDD	4.8	0.1–6.3	Lake Winnipeg, Can	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[36]
Sum HBCDDs	3.1	1.9 (arithmetic mean BMF fish–fish)	Lake Winnipeg, Can	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[36]
Sum HBCDDs	2.44		Ponds, Dahuangpu Wetland Natural Conservation, Tianjin, China	Benthopelagic incl. herring gull	Fish fillet	[56]
Sum HBCDDs	2.23		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic fish	Whole fish	[42]
Sum HBCDDs	6.3 (ww)		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[38]
PFOS	5.9 (ww)		Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[39]; Δ¹⁵N = 3.8‰
PFOS	6.9 (ww)		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[46]
PFOS	3.0 (ww, sum linear + branched)		Lake Mergozzo, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[57]
PFOS	4.2± 0.87 (ww, sum PFOS)	Sum PFOS: 0.13–0.9 (ww, TL-corrected, fish–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Pelagic	Whole fish	[40]; Δ¹⁵N = 3.8‰
PFOS	3.8 ± 0.98 (ww, sum PFOS)	0.5 – 16 (ww, TL-corrected, invertebrate–fish)	Lake Ontario, Can	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[40]; Δ¹⁵N = 3.8‰
PFOS	1.5 (ww, sum linear + branched)	2.0–169 (ww, TL-corrected, macrophytes, invertebrates–fish)	River Orge*, France	Benthopelagic	Whole fish	[33]
PFOS	2.4–4.1 (ww, sum linear + branched; geometric mean: 2.9		Rivers Rhône, Bourdre, Furan, Luynes, France	Benthopelagic	Whole fish (partly calculated with CF)	[58]
Hg	4.9–13 (ww, mean 6 years: 7.06 ww)		Lake Mjøsa, Norway	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[46]
Hg	2.3 (dw); 2.4 (ww)		Lake Mergozzo, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[57]
Hg	1.3–2.5 (dw; mean: 1.9); 2.79 (ww)		21 rivers, New Brunswick, Can	Benthopelagic incl. biofilm	Fish fillet	[41]; Δ¹⁵N = 2.0‰; italics: recalculated with ww data given by [14]
Hg	1.6–4.8 (dw); 4.73 (ww)		21 rivers, New Brunswick, Can	Benthopelagic incl. biofilm	Fish fillet	[41]; Δ¹⁵N = 3.4‰; italics: recalculated with ww data given by [14]
Hg	5.4		River Laagen, Norway	Benthopelagic	Fish fillet	[13]
Hg	3.98	3.21–6.68 (TL-corrected; zooplankton-fish)	Lago Maggiore, Italy	Pelagic	Fish fillet	[15]
MeHg	2.8–6.0 (dw; mean: 3.5)	1.8–9.4 (dw, TL-corrected, mean 4.5 ± 2.3 for predatory invertebrates – fish)	21 rivers, New Brunswick, Can	Benthopelagic incl. biofilm	Fish fillet	[41]; Δ¹⁵N = 2.0‰
MeHg	5.6–21.2 (dw)		21 rivers, New Brunswick, Can	Benthopelagic incl. biofilm	Fish fillet	[41]; Δ¹⁵N = 3.4‰
Heptachlor	0.33		Lake Superior	Benthopelagic	Lake Superior: fish fillet (lake trout) and whole fish	[19] with data from [32]
Heptachlor epoxide	4.93		Lake Superior, arctic marine food web	Benthopelagic or pelagic + marine mammals	Lake Superior: fish fillet (lake trout) and whole fish; Arctica: whole fish, blubber + muscle of mammals	[19] with data from [32] (Lake Superior) and [34] (Arctica)
HCBD	(No TMF available; no evidence on biomagnification; TMF set as 1.0)				Whole fish	[59] WFD fact sheet HCBD [60] referring to [61]
Dicofol	0.75 (Estimated with an aquatic food web model)					[22] and references cited therein

Data basis for TMFs and BMFs: lipid-normalized concentrations unless otherwise indicated (e.g., PFOS, Hg); significant correlation between TL and log-transformed concentrations (p ≤ 0.1)
CF: conversion factor F-WF; Can: Canada; SC: South Carolina; FWMF: food web magnification factor (previously used term synonym for TMF); MeHg: methyl mercury. Trophic enrichment increment Δ¹⁵N used in TL calculation: 3.4‰ unless otherwise indicated; ww: wet weight; dw: dry weight
^$Sum of congeners that partly include - but are not restricted to—the WFD relevant congeners
*Includes benthic organisms
^aSubgroup of the 17 lakes shown in the line above

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