Table 7 Examples of application of supervised classification techniques towards SDGs using EO data

SGD 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)

Land use

Tested Sub-PB and Super-PB methodologies to map green spaces. The results showed that Super-PB approach was better for dense urban, sub-urban and rural subsets. However, for lower-resolution images, the Sub-PB approach performed better for dense urban and sub-urban subsets

[136]

Land change

Developed two CNN approaches: Early Fusion and Siamese Network to detect changes in pairs of images. Overall, the results proved that Siamese Network approach was the most accurate

[144]

SGD 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production)

Consumption

Proved that CNNs combined with high-resolution images represent a precise and cost-effective methodology to calculate consumption expenditure and wealth in developing countries

[145]

SDG 15 (Life on Land)

Land cover

Analysed 15 years of research on supervised classification methods and found that SVM was the most accurate among NN, RF and Decision Tree

[146]