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Table 2 Initial ranges and calibrated values of the selected parameters for SWAT calibration

From: Quantifying the streamflow response to groundwater abstractions for irrigation or drinking water at catchment scale using SWAT and SWAT–MODFLOW

Parameter

Description

Initial range

Calibrated values

 

Subbasins: 4,5,7–13 (upstream)

Subbasins: 1,3,6,14–19 (downstream)

v__SFTMP.bsn

Snowfall temperature (°C)

− 1 to 1

0.175

v__SMFMN.bsn

Melt factor for snow on December 21 (mm H2O °C−1 days−1)

1–2

1.287

v__SMFMX.bsn

Melt factor for snow on June 21 (mm H2O °C−1 days−1)

1.6–3.5

2.467

v__SMTMP.bsn

Snow melt base temperature (°C)

− 2.3 to 1

− 1.342

v__SURLAG.bsn

Surface runoff lag coefficient

1–10

6.379

v__ALPHA_BF.gw

Baseflow alpha factor for shallow aquifer (l  days−1)

0–1

0.453

0.639

v__ALPHA_BF_D.gw

Baseflow alpha factor for deep aquifer (l  days−1)

0–1

0.756

0.913

v__ALPHA_BNK.rte

Baseflow alpha factor for bank storage (l  days−1)

0–1

0.912

0.533

v__CH_K2.rte

Effective hydraulic conductivity in main channel alluvium (mm h−1)

0–75

57.068

45.018

r__CN2.mgt

Initial SCS runoff curve number for moisture condition II

− 0.3 to 0.3

− 0.279

0.137

r__DDRAIN.mgt

Depth to subsurface drain (mm)

− 0.3 to 0.3

0.066

− 0.129

v__EPCO.hru

Plant uptake compensation factor

0.01–1

0.163

0.254

v__ESCO.hru

Soil evaporation compensation factor

0–1

0.466

0.931

r__GDRAIN.mgt

Drain tile lag time (h)

− 0.3 to 0.3

0.052

− 0.021

v__GWQMN.gw

Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return flow to occur (mm)

0–2000

1435.04

960.32

v__GW_DELAY.gw

Groundwater delay time (d)

0–200

116.28

123.40

v__GW_REVAP.gw

Groundwater “revap” coefficient

0.02–0.1

0.092

0.0313

r__OV_N.hru

Manning´s “n” value for overland flow

− 0.2 to 0.2

− 0.037

− 0.025

v__REVAPMN.gw

Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer for “revap” or percolation to the deep aquifer to occur (mm)

1000–2000

1633.81

1521.80

r__SOL_AWC().sol

Available water capacity of the soil layer (mm H2O mm soil−1)

− 0.8 to 0.8

− 0.674

0.786

r__SOL_BD().sol

Moist bulk density (g cm−3)

− 0.2 to 0.2

− 0.067

0.156

r__SOL_K().sol

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm h−1)

− 0.8 to 2

1.290

1.831

r__TDRAIN.mgt

Time to drain soil to field capacity (h)

− 0.3 to 0.3

− 0.097

− 0.210

v__RCHRG_DP.gw

Deep aquifer percolation fraction

0–0.4

0.296

0.219

AUTO_WSTRS

Water stress threshold that triggers irrigation (mm)

70

30, 40, 60

 
  1. v_ means that the existing parameter value is to be replaced by a given value; r_ means that an existing parameter value is multiplied by (1 + a given value)