Fig. 1

Single substance concentration–response. Observed and modeled survival–response and stress–response relationships of Daphnia magna at low-food conditions for day 21 after 24 h of esfenvalerate and prochloraz exposure. a, c Observed mortality (dots), modeled mortality applying the EC_x-SyS model (line), toxicant-related mortality (dashed line). b, d Modeled toxicant–stress, system–stress, summed stress